You can recognize Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) based on which symptoms?

A. Actually, people who have the latent form of the disease won't be sick and can't spread it either: This response is accurate because individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) do not exhibit symptoms and are not infectious. They carry the bacteria in their body, but it remains dormant and does not spread to others. Only those with active tuberculosis disease are capable of transmitting the infection through respiratory droplets.

B. Many people do manage to fight off the infection, but you are right: they can still spread it by coughing or sneezing: This statement is misleading because it implies that individuals with LTBI can spread the disease, which is not the case. Only those with active TB are contagious.

C. There isn't any real risk of them spreading it, but we would like to vaccinate everyone who's had any contact with it in the past: This response downplays the importance of understanding the difference between latent and active TB and could create confusion. Vaccination for tuberculosis (BCG vaccine) is not routinely given in the United States, and exposure alone does not necessitate vaccination.

D. If someone has been previously exposed to tuberculosis, they are particularly infectious because they are often unaware of the disease: This statement is incorrect, as individuals who have been exposed but have LTBI are not infectious. It is only those with active TB who pose a risk of spreading the infection.

A. Jugular vein distention: Pulmonary hypertension increases right ventricular afterload, leading to right heart failure. As the right ventricle struggles to pump against elevated pulmonary pressures, blood backs up into the systemic circulation, causing jugular vein distention (JVD).

B. Peripheral edema: Right-sided heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension leads to venous congestion and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral edema. Swelling is commonly observed in the lower extremities due to increased venous hydrostatic pressure.

C. Ronchi bilaterally: Rhonchi are low-pitched breath sounds typically associated with airway obstruction due to secretions, commonly seen in conditions like chronic bronchitis or pneumonia. Pulmonary hypertension primarily affects the pulmonary vasculature rather than the airways, making rhonchi an unlikely manifestation.

D. Dyspnea on exertion: Pulmonary hypertension increases pressure in the pulmonary arteries, reducing oxygen exchange and causing exertional dyspnea. This symptom is often one of the earliest clinical manifestations as increased pulmonary vascular resistance impairs oxygen delivery.

E. Systemic blood pressure greater than 130/90 mm Hg: Pulmonary hypertension specifically affects the pulmonary circulation, not systemic arterial pressure. While pulmonary hypertension can eventually contribute to left heart dysfunction, it does not directly cause systemic hypertension.