Which statement about nonverbal communication is accurate?

A calm expression means that the patient is experiencing low levels of anxiety

Eye contact is a reliable measure of the patient’s degree of attentiveness and engagement

The meaning of nonverbal communication varies with cultural and individual differences

Patients respond more consistently to therapeutic touch than to verbal interaction

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A reason: A calm expression does not reliably indicate low anxiety, as individuals may mask emotions due to cultural norms or coping mechanisms. Nonverbal cues are subjective and context-dependent, and physiological signs like heart rate or cortisol levels are more accurate indicators of anxiety than facial expressions alone.

Choice B reason: Eye contact is not a universal measure of attentiveness, as cultural norms vary (e.g., some cultures avoid eye contact to show respect). Individual factors like anxiety or neurodiversity can also affect eye contact, making it an unreliable indicator of engagement without considering context and patient background.

Choice C reason: Nonverbal communication, such as gestures or expressions, varies widely across cultures and individuals. For example, nodding may signify agreement in one culture but acknowledgment in another. Individual personality or mental health conditions also influence nonverbal cues, making this statement accurate as it accounts for diverse interpretations.

Choice D reason: Therapeutic touch responses vary by individual and cultural preferences, and some patients may find it intrusive or distressing. Verbal interaction is often more consistent in therapeutic settings, as it allows clearer communication of intent. Touch is not universally more effective, making this statement inaccurate.

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","C"]

Explanation

Choice A reason: Hypertension and obesity (BMI 30) are major risk factors for ESRD. Chronic hypertension damages renal vasculature, reducing glomerular filtration over time. Obesity exacerbates hypertension and promotes glomerulosclerosis, leading to progressive kidney damage. This combination significantly increases the risk of developing ESRD through sustained renal injury.

Choice B reason: Vascular disorders, such as atherosclerosis, impair renal blood flow, causing ischemic nephropathy. Chronic reduced perfusion damages nephrons, leading to progressive renal failure. Vascular diseases also contribute to hypertension, further stressing kidneys. This client’s history indicates a high risk for ESRD due to ongoing vascular compromise affecting renal function.

Choice C reason: Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus causes diabetic nephropathy, a leading cause of ESRD. Chronic hyperglycemia damages glomerular capillaries, leading to proteinuria and declining kidney function. Sustained high glucose levels accelerate nephron loss, making this client at high risk for ESRD due to irreversible renal damage from diabetes.

Choice D reason: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) primarily affects the lungs, not the kidneys. While hypoxia or medications like corticosteroids may indirectly stress kidneys, COPD is not a direct risk factor for ESRD. Renal damage requires specific insults like hypertension or diabetes, making this client less likely to develop ESRD.

Choice E reason: A recent dehydration episode from gastroenteritis can cause acute kidney injury but is reversible with treatment. It is not a chronic condition leading to ESRD unless recurrent or combined with other risk factors like diabetes or hypertension. This isolated event poses a lower risk for ESRD development.

A. Right to do no harm by the nurse B. Right to provide informed consent C. Right to receive confidential and respectful care D. Right to receive the least restrictive treatment

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: The right to do no harm (nonmaleficence) is an ethical principle, not a specific client right. While premature restraints may cause harm, this option does not directly address the legal right violated, which is the use of least restrictive interventions, making it less precise.

Choice B reason: Informed consent involves agreeing to treatments, not the use of restraints, which is a safety intervention. While clients should be informed, premature restraint use violates the right to least restrictive care, not consent, as restraints are not typically consensual interventions.

Choice C reason: Confidential and respectful care relates to privacy and dignity, not the method of intervention. Premature restraints violate the principle of using less invasive options first, not confidentiality or respect, making this right irrelevant to the specific violation described in the scenario.

Choice D reason: The right to least restrictive treatment requires using non-invasive interventions (e.g., de-escalation) before restraints. Premature restraint use violates this right, as mental health laws mandate the least coercive measures to ensure safety, prioritizing patient autonomy and minimizing harm, making this the correct answer.

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Which statement about nonverbal communication is accurate?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

The nurse is receiving the morning report on four clients on a medical-surgical unit. Based on the information provided, which clients are at greatest risk for developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD)? (Select all that apply)

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C"]

Explanation

The client feels that the client’s rights have been violated. Placing a client in restraints before using other methods of intervention violates which of the client’s rights?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A nurse is planning the discharge of a client with a mental health disorder. Which factor does the nurse identify as the best chance for the client to remain in the community without readmission?

Which statement by a nurse may undermine a patient’s feelings and belittle the patient’s concerns?

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The nurse is caring for a client who is in the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury (AKI). During this phase of AKI, the nurse might anticipate which of the following findings?

The client has used defensive communicating with the nurse today. Which can be a positive outcome from the use of defense mechanisms?

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