Which physiological process supports the exchange of blood concentrations across a semipermeable membrane in the hemodialysis?
Solute movement toward a solution with a higher concentration.
Water movement toward a solution with a lower solute concentration.
Blood cells and protein movement through the semipermeable membrane.
Osmosis of water movement and diffusion of solute movement.
The Correct Answer is D
Hemodialysis is a renal replacement therapy used to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys are unable to perform this function adequately. The physiological processes involved in hemodialysis include:
A) Solute movement toward a solution with a higher concentration:
While solute movement occurs during hemodialysis, it is typically from a solution with a higher concentration to one with a lower concentration, rather than the opposite. This movement facilitates the removal of waste products and excess solutes from the bloodstream.
B) Water movement toward a solution with a lower solute concentration:
Correct. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. In hemodialysis, water moves out of the bloodstream, across the semipermeable membrane of the dialyzer, and into the dialysate solution, which has a lower solute concentration. This process helps remove excess fluid from the body.
C) Blood cells and protein movement through the semipermeable membrane:
Blood cells and proteins are too large to pass through the pores of the semipermeable membrane in the dialyzer during hemodialysis. Therefore, the primary exchange occurs between smaller molecules such as urea, creatinine, electrolytes, and water.
D) Osmosis of water movement and diffusion of solute movement:
Correct. Hemodialysis involves both osmosis and diffusion. Osmosis refers to the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. Diffusion is the movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Together, these processes facilitate the removal of waste products and excess fluid from the bloodstream during hemodialysis.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A) Shivering:
Shivering is not a normal inflammatory response to wound healing. It may indicate systemic symptoms such as fever or chills, which could be indicative of infection or other complications.
B) Purulent drainage:
Purulent drainage (pus) is often a sign of infection rather than a normal inflammatory response to wound healing. While some serous or serosanguinous drainage may be expected initially, purulent drainage suggests an abnormal response.
C) Temperature of 102° F (37.8° C):
A temperature of 102° F (37.8° C) is indicative of fever, which can occur in response to infection or inflammation. While fever is part of the inflammatory response, it is not necessarily considered a normal finding in the context of wound healing and may indicate an abnormal response such as infection.
D) Redness and localized heat:
Correct. Redness (erythema) and localized heat are typical signs of the inflammatory phase of wound healing. Inflammation is a normal response to tissue injury and is characterized by increased blood flow to the area, resulting in redness and warmth. These signs indicate that the body's immune response is active and working to repair the injured tissue.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
The client's symptoms, along with the elevated serum amylase and lipase levels, suggest the development of acute pancreatitis as a postoperative complication. Here's a detailed explanation for why option A is the correct choice:
A) Acute pancreatitis:
Correct. Acute pancreatitis is characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, which can be triggered by various factors, including gallstones, alcohol consumption, and certain medications. In this case, the client's recent cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis (gallstones) may have led to the development of acute pancreatitis. The persistent upper abdominal pain radiating to the back, along with vomiting and fever, are classic symptoms of acute pancreatitis. Elevated serum amylase and lipase levels are common laboratory findings in acute pancreatitis due to pancreatic cell injury and leakage of these enzymes into the bloodstream.
B) Surgical site infection:
While surgical site infections are potential complications of cholecystectomy, the client's symptoms, including upper abdominal pain, vomiting, and fever, are more indicative of a systemic inflammatory process rather than localized infection at the surgical site.
C) Hepatorenal failure:
Hepatorenal failure, also known as hepatorenal syndrome, refers to kidney dysfunction that occurs as a complication of advanced liver disease. The client's symptoms and laboratory findings are not consistent with hepatorenal failure, as there are no signs of significant liver dysfunction or advanced liver disease.
D) Biliary duct obstruction:
While biliary duct obstruction can lead to symptoms similar to those of acute pancreatitis, such as upper abdominal pain and vomiting, the presence of elevated serum amylase and lipase levels strongly suggests pancreatic involvement rather than isolated biliary duct obstruction.
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