Which physiological process supports the exchange of blood concentrations across a semipermeable membrane in the hemodialysis?
Solute movement toward a solution with a higher concentration.
Water movement toward a solution with a lower solute concentration.
Blood cells and protein movement through the semipermeable membrane.
Osmosis of water movement and diffusion of solute movement.
The Correct Answer is D
Hemodialysis is a renal replacement therapy used to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys are unable to perform this function adequately. The physiological processes involved in hemodialysis include:
A) Solute movement toward a solution with a higher concentration:
While solute movement occurs during hemodialysis, it is typically from a solution with a higher concentration to one with a lower concentration, rather than the opposite. This movement facilitates the removal of waste products and excess solutes from the bloodstream.
B) Water movement toward a solution with a lower solute concentration:
Correct. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. In hemodialysis, water moves out of the bloodstream, across the semipermeable membrane of the dialyzer, and into the dialysate solution, which has a lower solute concentration. This process helps remove excess fluid from the body.
C) Blood cells and protein movement through the semipermeable membrane:
Blood cells and proteins are too large to pass through the pores of the semipermeable membrane in the dialyzer during hemodialysis. Therefore, the primary exchange occurs between smaller molecules such as urea, creatinine, electrolytes, and water.
D) Osmosis of water movement and diffusion of solute movement:
Correct. Hemodialysis involves both osmosis and diffusion. Osmosis refers to the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. Diffusion is the movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Together, these processes facilitate the removal of waste products and excess fluid from the bloodstream during hemodialysis.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A) Deficiency of factors VIII or IX.
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder characterized by deficient or defective clotting factors, specifically factors VIII (hemophilia A) or IX (hemophilia B). These clotting factors are essential for the formation of stable blood clots. Therefore, if hemophilia is present, the deficiency of factors VIII or IX can lead to impaired clot formation and prolonged bleeding.
B) Diminished amount of vitamin K:
Vitamin K deficiency can lead to impaired blood clotting due to inadequate synthesis of clotting factors in the liver. However, hemophilia is specifically associated with deficiencies in factors VIII or IX, not vitamin K.
C) Decreased amount of platelets:
Platelets play a crucial role in primary hemostasis and initial platelet plug formation at the site of vascular injury. While decreased platelet count or dysfunction can lead to bleeding disorders such as thrombocytopenia or platelet function disorders, hemophilia specifically involves deficiencies in clotting factors, not platelets.
D) Missing factors V and VII:
Factor V and VII are other clotting factors involved in the coagulation cascade, but they are not deficient in hemophilia. Hemophilia is specifically characterized by deficiencies in factors VIII (hemophilia A) or IX (hemophilia B).
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Renal calculi, also known as kidney stones, are solid masses made up of crystals that form in the kidneys due to various factors, including supersaturation of urine with stone-forming substances, inadequate urine volume, and conditions that promote crystal precipitation and retention in the urinary tract. Here's the breakdown of the pathological process contributing to the client's clinical presentation:
A) Excessive urine output:
Excessive urine output (polyuria) is not typically associated with the formation of renal calculi. In fact, low urine output (oliguria) or concentrated urine may increase the risk of stone formation by reducing the volume of urine available to dilute stone-forming substances.
B) Excessive fluid intake:
Excessive fluid intake is generally beneficial in preventing kidney stone formation by increasing urine volume and diluting stone-forming substances. Therefore, it is not likely to contribute to the development of renal calculi in this scenario.
C) Increased calcium reabsorption:
Correct. Increased calcium reabsorption in the renal tubules can lead to hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, which are risk factors for the formation of calcium-containing kidney stones (calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate stones). Excessive calcium reabsorption may occur due to various factors, including hormonal imbalances (e.g., hyperparathyroidism) or medications that affect calcium metabolism.
D) Increased serum alkalinity:
Increased serum alkalinity (alkalosis) is not typically associated with the formation of renal calculi. Urinary pH may influence the formation of certain types of kidney stones (e.g., uric acid stones are more likely to form in acidic urine), but alkalosis alone is not a primary factor in stone formation.
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