The nurse is caring for a young adult who reports uncontrolled acne vulgaris. Which pathological findings should the nurse observe on inspection of skin areas commonly affected in acne vulgaris?

Small, skin-colored, pedunculated papules in areas of skin folds and on other areas as skin tags

Hyperpigmented areas that vary in form and color and are slightly elevated from the skin.

Hyperactive sebaceous areas forming comedones, papules, pustules on the face, neck, and upper back.

Sharply demarcated silvery scaling plaques with underlying redness on the elbows and knees.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A) Small, skin-colored, pedunculated papules in areas of skin folds and on other areas as skin tags:

This description is more characteristic of acrochordons (skin tags), which are benign skin growths often found in skin folds. Skin tags are typically not associated with acne vulgaris.

B) Hyperpigmented areas that vary in form and color and are slightly elevated from the skin:

This description may be indicative of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which can occur after resolution of acne lesions. However, it does not represent the primary pathological findings observed in acne vulgaris.

C) Hyperactive sebaceous areas forming comedones, papules, pustules on the face, neck, and upper back:

Correct. Acne vulgaris is characterized by hyperactive sebaceous glands, leading to the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, and pustules. These lesions commonly occur on the face, neck, and upper back due to the high density of sebaceous glands in these areas.

D) Sharply demarcated silvery scaling plaques with underlying redness on the elbows and knees:

This description is more indicative of psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by silvery scaling plaques and inflammation. Psoriasis typically affects extensor surfaces such as the elbows and knees, rather than the areas commonly affected by acne vulgaris.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A) Bronchioles:

Bronchioles are small airways in the lungs that lack cartilage and are primarily responsible for conducting air to the alveoli. While changes in bronchioles, such as bronchoconstriction or bronchiolitis, can contribute to airflow limitation in conditions like asthma or chronic bronchitis, they are not primarily associated with the pathophysiological processes of emphysema.

B) Trachea:

The trachea, or windpipe, is the large airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi. It serves as a conduit for air movement into and out of the lungs but is not directly involved in gas exchange. Changes in the trachea are not typically associated with the pathophysiological processes of emphysema.

C) Bronchi:

Bronchi are larger airways in the lungs that branch off from the trachea and further divide into bronchioles. While chronic bronchitis, a common comorbidity of emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), primarily affects the bronchi, it is not the primary structure associated with the pathophysiological processes of emphysema.

D) Alveoli:

Correct. Emphysema is a type of COPD characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls, leading to enlarged airspaces and loss of lung elasticity. This structural damage results in decreased surface area for gas exchange and impaired diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Alveolar destruction in emphysema leads to poor gas exchange and contributes to the characteristic symptoms of dyspnea, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia in affected individuals. Therefore, the alveoli are directly associated with the pathophysiological processes of emphysema

A. Arterial endothelium injury causes Inflammation. B. Vessel narrowing results in ischemia. C. Foam cells release growth factors for smooth muscle cells. D. Macrophages consume low-density lipoprotein (LDL), creating foam cells. E. Smooth muscle grows over fatty streaks creating fibrous plaques.

Correct Answer is A,D,C,E,B

Explanation

This sequence starts with an injury to the arterial endothelium, leading to inflammation. Macrophages then consume LDL, forming foam cells. These foam cells release growth factors that stimulate the growth of smooth muscle cells. The smooth muscle cells grow over the fatty streaks, creating fibrous plaques. Finally, as these plaques grow, they narrow the vessel, which can result in ischemia. This is a simplified explanation of a complex process that involves many other factors and steps. It’s also important to note that this process can take many years to develop.

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The nurse is caring for a young adult who reports uncontrolled acne vulgaris. Which pathological findings should the nurse observe on inspection of skin areas commonly affected in acne vulgaris?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A client with end stage emphysema is experiencing poor gas exchange. Which respiratory structure is associated with the pathophysiological processes in emphysema?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

The development of atherosclerosis is a process of sequential events. Arrange the pathophysiological events in order of occurrence. Place the first event on top, and the last on the bottom.

Correct Answer is A,D,C,E,B

Explanation

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