Which one is not a step of pharmacokinetics?
Distribution:
Metabolism
Absorption
Synthesis
The Correct Answer is D
A) Distribution:. Distribution refers to the process by which a drug is transported throughout the body after it is absorbed into the bloodstream. It involves the movement of the drug to various tissues and organs, where it can exert its effects. Factors such as blood flow, tissue permeability, and protein binding affect distribution.
B) Metabolism:
Metabolism refers to the biochemical process by which the body breaks down drugs into metabolites, usually in the liver. Metabolism can transform drugs into more easily excreted forms and sometimes alters the drug’s activity. It is essential for drug clearance and can affect drug efficacy and toxicity.
C) Absorption:
Absorption is the first step in pharmacokinetics, where the drug enters the bloodstream after being administered. It occurs primarily in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract for oral medications but can also happen in other routes like subcutaneous or intramuscular injections. The rate and extent of absorption are influenced by factors such as drug formulation, route of administration, and presence of food.
D) Synthesis:
Synthesis refers to the process of creating substances, such as drugs or other compounds, typically within the body or in a laboratory setting. While drug synthesis is crucial in drug development, it is not a step involved in the movement or processing of drugs within the body (which is what pharmacokinetics describes). Pharmacokinetics focuses on how the body handles drugs, not how they are created.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A) Neutropenia
Neutropenia refers to an abnormally low level of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. While certain medications, such as chemotherapy agents and some antipsychotic drugs, can cause neutropenia, atenolol (a beta-blocker) is not typically associated with this side effect. Atenolol primarily affects the cardiovascular system by reducing heart rate and blood pressure, and it is not known to cause significant changes in white blood cell counts.
B) Bradycardia
Bradycardia, or a slower-than-normal heart rate, is a well-known and common adverse effect of beta-blockers, including atenolol. Beta-blockers work by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, which decreases the heart rate and the force of contraction, as well as lowering blood pressure. In some individuals, this can lead to excessively low heart rates, which could be dangerous if the heart rate drops too much. Bradycardia can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, or fatigue, and may require dose adjustments or discontinuation of the medication
C) Anemia
Anemia, which is a condition characterized by a low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin levels, is generally not a common adverse effect of atenolol. While certain medications like some chemotherapeutic agents, NSAIDs, or antibiotics may cause anemia due to their effects on the bone marrow or by causing gastrointestinal bleeding, atenolol is not typically linked to this side effect.
D) Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia (low potassium levels) is typically associated with the use of diuretics or other medications that cause the kidneys to excrete more potassium, such as some classes of antibiotics and corticosteroids. However, atenolol, being a beta-blocker, does not directly affect potassium levels.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Given:
Value in grams: 5,524 g
To convert grams to kilograms, we need to divide the value by 1000.
Step 1: Divide the value by 1000:
5,524 g / 1000 = 5.524 kg
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