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Which of the following is considered a risk factor for COPD?

A.

Hypertension

B.

Male

C.

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

D.

History of Pulmonary Embolism

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Hypertension is not a direct risk factor for COPD. However, COPD and hypertension can coexist, especially in smokers.  
B. Being male was once associated with a higher COPD prevalence, but COPD affects both sexes, especially as smoking habits have become more equal.  
C. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is correct. AAT deficiency is a genetic disorder that leads to early-onset emphysema, even in non-smokers. It impairs the lungs' ability to protect themselves from enzymatic damage.  
D. History of pulmonary embolism is not a primary risk factor for COPD, though lung damage from recurrent emboli can contribute to respiratory issues.  


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Delivering a continuous flow of air pressure to keep the airway open is correct. CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) prevents airway collapse during sleep, allowing for uninterrupted breathing and oxygenation.
B. Reducing daytime sleepiness is a benefit of CPAP use, but it is not its primary purpose—it is a secondary effect of improved oxygenation and sleep continuity.
C. Improving sleep quality also occurs with CPAP therapy, but this is an outcome rather than the primary purpose.
D. Promoting weight loss is not the function of CPAP therapy, though weight loss can help reduce OSA severity.

Correct Answer is ["120"]

Explanation

Convert pounds to kilograms:

  • 176 pounds / 2.2 pounds/kg = 80 kg

Calculate the enoxaparin dose:

  • 80 kg 1.5 mg/kg = 120 mg

Round to the nearest whole number:

  • 120 mg

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