Which of the following is caused by the release of insulin?

A. Dark-colored urine is typically a sign of dehydration, as the kidneys concentrate the urine when the body is low on water. Adequate hydration usually results in lighter-colored urine.

B. Strong-smelling urine can indicate dehydration, certain foods, or medications, but it is not an indicator of adequate hydration. Properly hydrated urine typically has a mild odor.

C. Oliguria, or low urine output, can be a sign of dehydration, kidney dysfunction, or other underlying issues. It is not a sign of adequate hydration.

D. Pale-colored urine is a characteristic of adequate hydration. When the body is well-hydrated, the kidneys excrete a greater volume of diluted urine, which tends to be light in color.

A. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is the most accurate method for distinguishing between hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood) and hypercapnia (elevated carbon dioxide levels). ABG testing measures both the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2), providing a clear distinction between the two conditions.

B. While observing for signs and symptoms is useful, it is not specific enough to distinguish between hypoxemia and hypercapnia, as both conditions may present with similar symptoms like shortness of breath or confusion.

C. Measuring oxygen saturation with a pulse oximeter can detect hypoxemia but does not provide information about carbon dioxide levels, so it cannot distinguish between hypoxemia and hypercapnia.

D. Pulmonary function testing assesses lung volumes and airflow but does not directly measure oxygen or carbon dioxide levels, making it less effective for distinguishing between hypoxemia and hypercapnia.