Which of the following increases the risk for renal calculi?
Dehydration
Sedentary lifestyle
Drinking 32 ounces of milk per day
Running 5 miles
The Correct Answer is A
A. Dehydration increases the risk of renal calculi (kidney stones) because it leads to concentrated urine, which promotes the formation of stones. When there is insufficient fluid intake, the kidneys cannot dilute substances like calcium and oxalate, which can form crystals and eventually stones.
B. A sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for a variety of health issues, including obesity, but it does not directly increase the risk of kidney stones. Physical inactivity can contribute to weight gain, which in turn may increase the risk of developing stones, but it is not as direct a cause as dehydration.
C. Drinking 32 ounces of milk per day does not directly increase the risk for kidney stones. In fact, moderate calcium intake can help prevent the formation of certain types of kidney stones. However, excessive calcium intake from supplements (rather than food) may increase the risk.
D. Running 5 miles does not increase the risk of kidney stones. In fact, regular physical activity can help prevent the formation of kidney stones by promoting overall health and hydration.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Weakness, vomiting, hypotension, and mental confusion may occur in cases of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), but these are more acute signs of severe complications rather than early symptoms of type 1 diabetes.
B. Vomiting, abdominal pain, sweet fruity breath, dehydration, and Kussmaul breathing are signs of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious complication that typically develops after the onset of type 1 diabetes, not early symptoms.
C. Polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (frequent urination), polyphagia (excessive hunger), weight loss, and fatigue are classic early signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes due to the body's inability to regulate blood glucose levels properly.
D. Recurrent infections, visual changes, and paresthesia (numbness or tingling) are typically associated with long-term, poorly controlled diabetes, not early signs of type 1 diabetes.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Alkalemia refers to a condition in which the blood pH is higher than the normal range (7.35–7.45), specifically above 7.45. A pH of 7.5 indicates alkalemia, which is an increase in blood pH.
B. Alkalosis refers to a condition in which the body is in a state of alkalinity, but it is a broader term that can describe either metabolic or respiratory alkalosis. Alkalemia specifically refers to the pH measurement itself.
C. Acidosis refers to a condition in which the blood pH is lower than normal (below 7.35), indicating an excess of hydrogen ions or a deficiency of bicarbonate.
D. Acidemia refers to a condition in which the blood pH is below the normal range, indicating acidosis. A pH of 7.5 does not fall into this category.
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