A total obstruction of the airway by aspirated material is manifested by:

A. While high blood glucose levels can affect nerve function, excessive glucose exposure does not specifically target the brain and spinal cord in a way that causes neuropathy.

B. Neuropathy in diabetes is not caused by the inability to provide glucose to the brain and spinal cord, but rather by the effects of high blood glucose levels on peripheral nerves.

C. Infection in the nerves is not the primary cause of diabetic neuropathy, although infection can occur in diabetic patients due to poor circulation and immune system impairment.

D. Chronic high blood glucose levels can cause thickening of blood vessels, leading to poor circulation (ischemia) that deprives nerves of oxygen and nutrients, ultimately causing nerve damage. This is the primary cause of diabetic neuropathy.

A. Needle thoracentesis is typically performed in cases of pneumothorax or pleural effusion, not asthma exacerbation. The symptoms described do not indicate a pleural space issue that would require thoracentesis.

B. Emergency intubation may be necessary if the asthma exacerbation is severe and unresponsive to initial interventions such as bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy. The patient's symptoms of severe dyspnea, accessory muscle use, and wheezing suggest respiratory distress, and intubation may be required to secure the airway and assist with ventilation.

C. Pleurodesis is a procedure used to treat recurrent pleural effusions, not asthma exacerbations. It involves the obliteration of the pleural space, which is not relevant to the current situation.

D. Chest tube insertion is typically performed for pneumothorax or other issues involving the pleural space, not for asthma exacerbation. The described symptoms do not suggest the need for a chest tube.