Which of the following situations of altered perfusion could be triggered by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Ventilation perfusion mismatching
Impaired cardiac output
Impaired circulation
Excessive cardiac demand
The Correct Answer is A
A. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), airflow obstruction leads to ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatching. This means that some parts of the lungs may receive air but not enough blood flow, or vice versa, resulting in inefficient gas exchange and reduced oxygenation. This is a hallmark of COPD.
B. While COPD can eventually affect the heart, particularly leading to right heart failure (cor pulmonale), it does not directly impair cardiac output in the early stages. The primary issue in COPD is with lung function.
C. COPD does not directly impair circulation but can lead to pulmonary hypertension and strain on the circulatory system over time. However, impaired circulation is not the primary issue triggered by COPD.
D. COPD may lead to increased work of breathing, but it does not directly cause excessive cardiac demand in the same way that conditions like anemia or sepsis might.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Consolidation refers to the accumulation of inflammatory products, such as exudate, in the alveoli of the lungs, which is a hallmark finding in pneumonia. It appears as a dense, solid area on chest X-ray and indicates that the lung tissue has become filled with fluid, pus, and cellular debris.
B. Exudation is the process by which fluid and cells leak out of blood vessels into the surrounding tissues, which is part of the inflammatory response in pneumonia. However, consolidation is the specific diagnostic finding that results from exudation in pneumonia.
C. Pneumonia is the overall condition being described, but it is not the diagnostic finding itself. Consolidation is the key radiological and clinical finding in pneumonia.
D. Hemoptysis, or coughing up blood, can occur in some cases of pneumonia, but it is not a typical or defining diagnostic finding of pneumonia. It is more often associated with conditions like tuberculosis or lung cancer.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption, not formation. Increased osteoclast activity leads to excessive bone breakdown, not enhanced formation.
B. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation. In osteoporosis, osteoblast activity is not increased; rather, it is osteoclast activity that is dysregulated, leading to bone loss.
C. Enhanced bone formation is typically seen in conditions like osteopetrosis or during bone healing. Osteoporosis is characterized by an imbalance in favor of bone resorption, not formation.
D. Osteoporosis is characterized by increased bone resorption, which is primarily driven by osteoclast activity. This leads to a decrease in bone density and an increased risk of fractures.
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