Which of the following is a possible risk factor for panic disorder?

Choice A rationale:

The statement "I think my panic attacks are caused by a specific substance I'm using" suggests a possible link between substance use and panic attacks, which is not a typical characteristic of panic disorder. Panic disorder is primarily characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, not necessarily triggered by specific substances.

Choice B rationale:

The statement "I avoid situations that might trigger my panic attacks" reflects an understanding of the disorder. People with panic disorder often develop avoidance behaviors to prevent or minimize the occurrence of panic attacks. Avoidance of triggers is a common coping mechanism used to manage the fear associated with panic attacks.

Choice C rationale:

The statement "I don't worry about having more panic attacks" contradicts the typical experience of individuals with panic disorder. People with panic disorder often have heightened worry and fear about experiencing more panic attacks, which contributes to the cycle of anxiety.

Choice D rationale:

The statement "I believe my panic attacks are a result of a physical health problem" suggests a misunderstanding of panic disorder. While panic attacks can manifest with physical symptoms, they are primarily caused by psychological factors, such as anxiety and fear, rather than solely by physical health problems.

Choice A rationale:

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a well-established non-pharmacological treatment for panic disorder. It focuses on identifying and challenging negative thought patterns and beliefs that contribute to anxiety. By addressing these cognitive distortions, clients can learn to manage their panic symptoms more effectively.

Choice B rationale:

Exposure therapy is another evidence-based approach for treating anxiety disorders. However, it involves gradual exposure to feared situations or stimuli to reduce anxiety over time. While it can benefit clients with panic disorder, it does not specifically address challenging negative thoughts as CBT does.

Choice C rationale:

Lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, and stress reduction techniques, can indeed help reduce physical symptoms associated with panic attacks. However, they do not directly address the cognitive and emotional aspects of panic disorder like CBT does.

Choice D rationale:

Complementary therapies may have a role in managing anxiety, but they are unlikely to replace the need for medications or evidence-based psychotherapies. These therapies, such as acupuncture or herbal remedies, are typically used as adjuncts to conventional treatments rather than substitutes.