Which of the following factors can directly affect cardiac output?

Respiratory rate

Stroke volume

Heart rate

Blood pressure

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,C

B. stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction (systole) of the heart. Changes in stroke volume directly affect cardiac output. An increase in stroke volume leads to an increase in cardiac output, while a decrease in stroke volume results in a decrease in cardiac output. Factors that can affect stroke volume include preload, afterload, and contractility of the heart.

C. Heart rate refers to the number of heartbeats per minute. Heart rate directly affects cardiac output by determining how frequently the heart contracts and pumps blood. An increase in heart rate (tachycardia) leads to an increase in cardiac output, while a decrease in heart rate (bradycardia) results in a decrease in cardiac output. Factors such as sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity, hormones, and medications can influence heart rate.

A. Respiratory rate does not directly affect stroke volume or heart rate but changes in respiratory rate can indirectly impact cardiac output through their effects on venous return and preload.

D. Blood pressure represents the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries. While blood pressure does not directly affect cardiac output, it is influenced by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance (SVR).

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Correct Answer is ["A","C","D","E"]

Explanation

A. Hypotension may result from decreased cardiac output due to hypoxemia and acidosis or as a compensatory response to hypoxia-induced vasodilation. Therefore, monitoring for hypotension is important in ARF.

C. Hypoxemia can impair cerebral perfusion and neuronal function, leading to alterations in mental status ranging from confusion to coma. Decreased level of consciousness is a concerning sign of inadequate oxygenation and should be closely monitored in patients with ARF.

D. Dyspnea, or difficulty breathing, is a hallmark symptom of respiratory failure. In ARF, the respiratory system's inability to adequately oxygenate or ventilate leads to increased work of breathing and feelings of breathlessness. Patients with ARF often experience severe dyspnea as they struggle to maintain adequate gas exchange.

E. Headache is not typically considered a primary manifestation of ARF. However, it may occur as a secondary symptom due to factors such as hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or acidosis. Patients with ARF may experience headache as a result of cerebral vasodilation in response to hypoxia or as a symptom of underlying conditions contributing to respiratory failure.

B. Nausea is not a typical manifestation of ARF itself. However, it may occur as a secondary symptom due to factors such as hypoxia, acidosis, or medications administered for the management of ARF. While nausea may be present, it is not a direct result of respiratory failure.

A. Hypokalemia B. Heart rate 160/min C. Mottled skin D. Blood pressure 115/68 mmHg

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

B. Tachycardia is a compensatory mechanism aimed at increasing cardiac output and maintaining tissue perfusion. In response to decreased perfusion, the body increases heart rate to improve circulation and oxygen delivery to tissues.
A. Hypokalemia, or low potassium levels, is not typically associated with the compensatory stage of shock. Instead, electrolyte imbalances may develop later in the progression of shock due to tissue hypoperfusion and metabolic disturbances.
C. Mottled skin, characterized by patchy discoloration due to uneven blood flow, is more commonly seen in the progressive or irreversible stages of shock. It indicates significant tissue hypoperfusion and impaired microcirculation, rather than the compensatory stage
D. This blood pressure reading is within the normal range and may be maintained during the compensatory stage of shock. Initially, blood pressure may be maintained or only slightly decreased due to compensatory mechanisms such as vasoconstriction. However, blood pressure can decrease further as shock progresses beyond the compensatory stage.

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Which of the following factors can directly affect cardiac output?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is caring for a client who has an acute respiratory failure (ARF). The nurse should monitor the client for which of the following manifestations of this condition? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer is ["A","C","D","E"]

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a client who is in the compensatory stage of shock. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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