Which of the following describes a congenital defect resulting in an incomplete formation of the esophagus?

Choice A rationale

The prevalence of cystitis is not increased in men due to sexual practices. In fact, cystitis is more common in women due to the shorter length of the female urethra, which allows bacteria easier access to the bladder28.

Choice B rationale

Cystitis does not occur less frequently in women due to shorter urethras. In fact, the shorter length of the female urethra is one reason why women are more susceptible to urinary tract infections, including cystitis28.

Choice C rationale

While some clients with cystitis may be asymptomatic, many experience symptoms such as frequent urination, discomfort during urination, and lower abdominal pain28.

Choice D rationale

Hormonal changes, particularly those associated with menopause, can alter the normal flora of the urinary tract and increase the risk of cystitis. The decrease in estrogen levels that occurs during menopause can affect the balance of bacteria in the urinary tract and make postmenopausal women more susceptible to urinary tract infections, including cystitis28.

Choice A rationale

Modifiable risk factors are the lifestyle and behaviors that can reduce or increase a person’s chances of developing a disease. For example, dehydration is a modifiable risk factor as it can be controlled by maintaining proper hydration.

Choice B rationale

Congenital metabolic disorders are inherited and cannot be changed. They are present from birth and are caused by genetic mutations.

Choice C rationale

Gender is a non-modifiable risk factor as it is determined biologically and cannot be changed.

Choice D rationale

Family history is a non-modifiable risk factor. It refers to the health history of immediate family members, which can influence an individual’s risk of developing certain diseases. It cannot be changed.