Which of the following best describes the primary physiological role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the regulation of cardiovascular function?

BNP promotes the synthesis of angiotensin II to enhance fluid retention and increase blood pressure.

BNP increases heart rate and cardiac contractility to enhance cardiac output.

BNP increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and stimulating aldosterone release.

BNP decreases blood pressure by causing vasodilation and promoting sodium and water excretion.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. BNP does not promote the synthesis of angiotensin II; instead, it counteracts the effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) by reducing fluid retention and blood pressure, which is the opposite of what angiotensin II does.
B. BNP does not increase heart rate or cardiac contractility. Its role is primarily in reducing cardiac workload by lowering blood pressure and decreasing fluid volume.
C. BNP does not increase blood pressure; rather, it acts to decrease it by causing vasodilation and inhibiting the effects of aldosterone, which would otherwise increase blood pressure by promoting sodium and water retention.
D. BNP decreases blood pressure by causing vasodilation and promoting the excretion of sodium and water, which reduces blood volume and, consequently, lowers the blood pressure. This is its primary role in cardiovascular regulation, especially in response to heart failure.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Provide mouth care: Mouth care is important for overall comfort and hygiene but is not the first step in preparing for chest percussion, vibration, and postural drainage. The priority is to prepare the client for the procedures that will aid in clearing lung secretions.

B. Cup hands and tap on the client's chest repeatedly: This action is part of chest percussion and should be performed after positioning the client correctly. Percussion should be done on the appropriate lung areas based on the positioning.

C. Auscultate lung fields: Auscultation of lung fields is essential for assessing lung sounds and determining the effectiveness of therapy. However, it should be done after positioning the client to ensure that the correct areas are being treated and assessed.

D. Position the client so that the lung area to be drained is above the client's trachea: Proper positioning is crucial for effective postural drainage, as it allows gravity to assist in moving secretions from the lung areas to the central airways. This should be done before performing chest percussion or vibration.

A. "Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration." B. "Diffusion is the movement of particles between areas of equal concentrations." C. "Diffusion is the movement of water from an area of higher concentration of water to an area of lower concentration of water." D. "Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of lower concentration of particles to an area of higher concentration of particles."

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. "Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.": This statement accurately describes diffusion. Molecules move down their concentration gradient from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.

B. "Diffusion is the movement of particles between areas of equal concentrations.": Diffusion does not occur between areas of equal concentration as there is no concentration gradient to drive the movement.

C. "Diffusion is the movement of water from an area of higher concentration of water to an area of lower concentration of water.": This describes osmosis, not diffusion. Osmosis specifically refers to the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

D. "Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of lower concentration of particles to an area of higher concentration of particles.": This is incorrect as diffusion occurs from higher to lower concentration, not the reverse.

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Which of the following best describes the primary physiological role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the regulation of cardiovascular function?

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