Which of the following are types of shock and their respective causes? (Select All that Apply.)
Neurogenic shock - caused by a disruption in the autonomic nervous system.
Hypovolemic shock - caused by severe blood loss or fluid loss.
Metabolic shock - caused by severe metabolic acidosis.
Anaphylactic shock - caused by an allergic reaction.
Septic shock - caused by a severe infection.
Cardiogenic shock - caused by a failure of the heart to pump effectively.
Correct Answer : A,B,D,E,F
Choice A Reason:
Neurogenic shock occurs due to a disruption in the autonomic nervous system, often resulting from spinal cord injuries. This disruption leads to a loss of sympathetic tone, causing widespread vasodilation and a subsequent drop in blood pressure. The hallmark of neurogenic shock is hypotension with bradycardia, which differentiates it from other types of shock that typically present with tachycardia. The loss of vascular tone results in pooling of blood in the extremities, reducing venous return to the heart and decreasing cardiac output.
Choice B Reason:
Hypovolemic shock is caused by a significant loss of blood or fluids, leading to inadequate circulating volume. This can result from trauma, surgery, gastrointestinal bleeding, or severe dehydration. The primary mechanism is a reduction in preload, which decreases stroke volume and cardiac output. Clinical signs include tachycardia, hypotension, and cool, clammy skin. Rapid fluid resuscitation is critical to restore circulating volume and improve tissue perfusion.
Choice C Reason:
Metabolic shock is not a recognized type of shock in medical literature. The term might be confused with metabolic acidosis, which can occur secondary to shock but is not a primary cause. Metabolic acidosis results from the accumulation of lactic acid due to anaerobic metabolism when tissues are inadequately perfused. Therefore, metabolic shock is not considered a valid type of shock.
Choice D Reason:
Anaphylactic shock is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that leads to widespread vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and bronchoconstriction. Common triggers include foods, insect stings, medications, and latex. Symptoms include hypotension, swelling, difficulty breathing, and hives. Immediate administration of epinephrine is crucial to counteract the severe allergic response and stabilize the patient.
Choice E Reason:
Septic shock results from a severe infection that leads to systemic inflammation and widespread vasodilation. The infection triggers an overwhelming immune response, causing damage to blood vessels and organs. Clinical features include fever, hypotension, tachycardia, and altered mental status. Early recognition and aggressive treatment with antibiotics and fluid resuscitation are essential to improve outcomes.
Choice F Reason:
Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart fails to pump effectively, leading to inadequate tissue perfusion. Common causes include myocardial infarction, severe heart failure, and arrhythmias. Symptoms include hypotension, tachycardia, and signs of poor perfusion such as cool extremities and altered mental status. Treatment focuses on improving cardiac output through medications, mechanical support, or revascularization procedures.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["B","C"]
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
First-degree heart block is a condition where the electrical signals in the heart are delayed but still reach the ventricles. It is generally considered benign and does not typically lead to heart failure. It is often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on an ECG.
Choice B Reason:
Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is a common arrhythmia associated with heart failure. AFib causes the atria to beat irregularly and often rapidly, which can lead to poor blood flow and increased risk of stroke. In heart failure patients, AFib can exacerbate symptoms and worsen the prognosis due to the loss of atrial contraction and irregular ventricular response.
Choice C Reason:
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a serious arrhythmia that is often associated with heart failure. VT originates in the ventricles and can lead to hemodynamic instability and sudden cardiac death if not treated promptly. It is a common complication in patients with heart failure and cardiomyopathy.
Choice D Reason:
Sinus bradycardia is a slower than normal heart rate, typically less than 60 beats per minute. While it can occur in healthy individuals, especially athletes, it is not specifically associated with heart failure. In some cases, severe bradycardia can lead to symptoms of heart failure, but it is not a primary arrhythmia linked to the condition.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
The irreversible stage of shock, also known as the terminal stage, is characterized by severe organ damage and failure. At this point, the body's compensatory mechanisms have failed, and recovery is unlikely. Decreased blood pressure and inadequate tissue perfusion are present, but they are more pronounced in the progressive stage.
Choice B Reason:
The refractory stage is often used interchangeably with the irreversible stage. It signifies a point where shock has progressed to such an extent that treatment is no longer effective. The body's organs have sustained irreversible damage, and despite medical intervention, the patient is unlikely to survive.
Choice C Reason:
The progressive stage of shock is characterized by a significant drop in blood pressure and inadequate tissue perfusion. During this stage, the body's compensatory mechanisms begin to fail, leading to worsening hypoperfusion and cellular damage. This stage is critical as it marks the transition from reversible to potentially irreversible damage if not promptly treated.
Choice D Reason:
The compensatory stage, also known as the non-progressive stage, involves the body's initial response to shock. During this stage, mechanisms such as increased heart rate and vasoconstriction work to maintain blood pressure and perfusion to vital organs. Blood pressure may still be within normal limits, and tissue perfusion is maintained, albeit at a reduced level.
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