What measurement is the normal range for cardiac output in adults?
0.5-1 L/min
10-12 L/min
4-6 L/min
15-20 L/min
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A Reason:
The range of 0.5-1 L/min is significantly lower than the normal cardiac output for adults. Such low values could indicate severe heart failure or other critical conditions where the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's needs.
Choice B Reason:
A cardiac output of 10-12 L/min is higher than the normal range for adults at rest. This level of cardiac output might be seen during intense physical activity or in conditions like hyperthyroidism, where the heart pumps more blood to meet increased metabolic demands.
Choice C Reason:
The normal range for cardiac output in adults is typically between 4-6 L/min. This range represents the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute at rest, ensuring adequate perfusion of tissues and organs. Cardiac output can vary based on factors such as age, body size, and physical activity.
Choice D Reason:
A cardiac output of 15-20 L/min is extremely high and would generally be seen only during extreme physical exertion or in pathological conditions. Such high values are not typical for resting adults and indicate a state of increased cardiac demand.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["B","C"]
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
First-degree heart block is a condition where the electrical signals in the heart are delayed but still reach the ventricles. It is generally considered benign and does not typically lead to heart failure. It is often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on an ECG.
Choice B Reason:
Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is a common arrhythmia associated with heart failure. AFib causes the atria to beat irregularly and often rapidly, which can lead to poor blood flow and increased risk of stroke. In heart failure patients, AFib can exacerbate symptoms and worsen the prognosis due to the loss of atrial contraction and irregular ventricular response.
Choice C Reason:
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a serious arrhythmia that is often associated with heart failure. VT originates in the ventricles and can lead to hemodynamic instability and sudden cardiac death if not treated promptly. It is a common complication in patients with heart failure and cardiomyopathy.
Choice D Reason:
Sinus bradycardia is a slower than normal heart rate, typically less than 60 beats per minute. While it can occur in healthy individuals, especially athletes, it is not specifically associated with heart failure. In some cases, severe bradycardia can lead to symptoms of heart failure, but it is not a primary arrhythmia linked to the condition.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Narrowing pulse pressure is not typically associated with contusions from a motor-vehicle crash. It is more commonly seen in conditions like cardiac tamponade or severe blood loss. While it can indicate a serious condition, it is not a direct result of a contusion.
Choice B Reason:
Drainage of clear fluid from the ears, known as otorrhea, can indicate a basilar skull fracture rather than a simple contusion. This finding suggests cerebrospinal fluid leakage, which is a serious complication requiring immediate medical attention.
Choice C Reason:
Periods of unconsciousness and/or confusion are expected findings in clients with contusions, especially if the brain is involved. These symptoms indicate a concussion or more severe brain injury, which can result from the impact of a motor-vehicle crash.
Choice D Reason:
Extensive bruising in the mastoid area, known as Battle's sign, is indicative of a basilar skull fracture rather than a contusion. This type of bruising appears behind the ear and is a sign of a more severe head injury.
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