Which of the following are causes of intrarenal acute kidney injury? (Select all that apply.)
Hemoglobin from hemolyzed RBCs
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostate cancer
Myoglobin release from necrotic muscle cells
Nephrotoxins
Correct Answer : A,D,E
Choice A rationale
Hemoglobin released from hemolyzed red blood cells (RBCs) can cause intrarenal acute kidney injury by obstructing the renal tubules and damaging the nephrons.
Choice B rationale
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a cause of postrenal, not intrarenal, acute kidney injury as it can obstruct the flow of urine out of the bladder.
Choice C rationale
Prostate cancer, similar to benign prostatic hyperplasia, typically leads to postrenal acute kidney injury due to urinary obstruction.
Choice D rationale
Myoglobin released from necrotic muscle cells, as seen in conditions like rhabdomyolysis, can cause intrarenal acute kidney injury by precipitating in the renal tubules.
Choice E rationale
Nephrotoxins, such as certain medications, chemicals, or toxins, can directly damage the kidney tissue, leading to intrarenal acute kidney injury.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale
A high calcium diet and hypercalcemia are not directly associated with pyelonephritis. While dietary habits and blood calcium levels can impact overall health, they do not typically contribute to the development of pyelonephritis.
Choice B rationale
Long-term use of ibuprofen can lead to kidney damage, which may increase the risk of pyelonephritis, especially if there is pre-existing kidney impairment. However, it is not as directly related to pyelonephritis as a history of UTIs.
Choice C rationale
A history of UTIs is relevant to pyelonephritis, as the infection can ascend from the lower urinary tract to the kidneys. Recurrent UTIs are a risk factor for pyelonephritis, making this the most likely report from the client.
Choice D rationale
Genetic diseases can have various impacts on health, but there is no common genetic disease that directly causes pyelonephritis. This choice is less likely to be relevant to the client's current condition.
Correct Answer is ["B","C"]
Explanation
Choice A rationale
While infections can occur in IBD, the primary goal is not to combat infection but to manage the underlying inflammation¹.
Choice B rationale
Controlling inflammation is a key treatment goal in IBD to alleviate symptoms and induce and maintain remission².
Choice C rationale
Correcting and preventing malnutrition is essential in IBD management due to potential nutrient absorption issues¹.
Choice D rationale
Increasing stress is not a treatment goal for IBD. In fact, reducing stress can help manage IBD symptoms².
Choice E rationale
While IBD currently has no cure, the goals are to manage symptoms, induce remission, and improve quality of life².
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