Which of the following are approved nursing diagnoses? (Select all that apply)

Choice A reason: “Where do you hurt?” is not the best response to the PN’s observations. This response shows closed-ended questioning, which is a communication technique that involves asking questions that require a yes or no answer or a specific piece of information. It also shows confrontation, which is a communication technique that involves challenging or opposing the other person’s statements or behaviors. It may make the client feel defensive, pressured, or misunderstood, and may discourage further communication. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

Choice B reason: "I am glad you are feeling beter and have no discomfort.” is not the best response to the PN’s observations. This response shows false reassurance, which is a communication technique that involves minimizing or dismissing the other person’s feelings or situation. It also shows inconsistency, which is a communication barrier that involves giving contradictory or conflicting messages. It may make the client feel confused, ignored, or invalidated, and may undermine the trust or rapport between the client and the PN. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

Choice C reason: "What you are saying and what I am observing don’t seem to match.” is the best response to the PN’s observations. This response shows reflection, which is a communication technique that involves restating or paraphrasing what the client has said to show understanding and clarify meaning. It also shows congruence, which is a communication skill that involves using consistent verbal and nonverbal cues to reinforce the message and avoid confusion or misunderstanding. It helps the client to recognize and explore their own feelings or thoughts, and shows that the PN is atentive, respectful, and empathetic. Therefore, this choice is correct.

Choice D reason: "It makes me uncomfortable when you are not honest with me.” is not the best response to the PN’s observations. This response shows self-disclosure, which is a communication technique that involves sharing personal information or feelings with the other person. It also shows accusation, which is a communication barrier that involves blaming or criticizing the other person for their statements or behaviors. It may make the client feel

guilty, ashamed, or angry, and may damage the relationship or communication between the client and the PN. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

Choice A reason: This is correct because it is an approved nursing diagnosis that describes a lack of cognitive information related to a specific topic.

Choice B reason: This is incorrect because it is not an approved nursing diagnosis, but rather a data or assessment finding that describes the condition of the client’s pupils.

Choice C reason: This is correct because it is an approved nursing diagnosis that describes an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.

Choice D reason: This is correct because it is an approved nursing diagnosis that describes a decrease in oxygenation and/or elimination of carbon dioxide at the alveolar-capillary membrane.

Choice E reason: This is incorrect because it is not an approved nursing diagnosis, but rather a medical diagnosis that describes a malignant neoplasm of any body part.

Choice F reason: This is incorrect because it is not an approved nursing diagnosis, but rather a medical diagnosis that describes a dysfunction of the kidneys.