Which lab values would you expect to see when a patient with type 1 diabetes presents in ketoacidosis?

A. Rectal filling is associated with the urge to defecate, not urinate. It is not involved in the micturition process.

B. Mass movements refer to strong, coordinated contractions of the colon, which help move feces toward the rectum. They are related to bowel movements, not micturition.

C. Micturition, or urination, is primarily stimulated by bladder filling. As the bladder fills with urine, stretch receptors in the bladder wall are activated, sending signals to the brain to trigger the urge to urinate.

D. Segmental movement refers to the mixing contractions in the intestines that aid digestion, not the process of micturition.

A. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), airflow obstruction leads to ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatching. This means that some parts of the lungs may receive air but not enough blood flow, or vice versa, resulting in inefficient gas exchange and reduced oxygenation. This is a hallmark of COPD.

B. While COPD can eventually affect the heart, particularly leading to right heart failure (cor pulmonale), it does not directly impair cardiac output in the early stages. The primary issue in COPD is with lung function.

C. COPD does not directly impair circulation but can lead to pulmonary hypertension and strain on the circulatory system over time. However, impaired circulation is not the primary issue triggered by COPD.

D. COPD may lead to increased work of breathing, but it does not directly cause excessive cardiac demand in the same way that conditions like anemia or sepsis might.