Which is the term for a urine output less than 400 mL per day?

Choice A reason: This hypotonic saline solution is often used after initial resuscitation, especially when the patient’s serum sodium is normal or elevated. It helps replace intracellular fluid losses and provides ongoing hydration without excessively increasing sodium levels. It is typically administered once the initial intravascular volume is restored with isotonic fluids.

Choice B reason: This isotonic saline solution is the first-line intravenous fluid used in DKA. It helps expand intravascular volume quickly, restore tissue perfusion, and correct hypovolemia caused by osmotic diuresis. It is given initially as a bolus, followed by continuous infusion until the patient is stabilized.

Choice C reason: This dextrose-containing solution is introduced once blood glucose falls to approximately 200–250 mg/dL. At this point, insulin therapy must continue to clear ketones and correct acidosis, but dextrose is added to prevent hypoglycemia. It is usually combined with saline (e.g., D5 0.45% NS) to balance hydration and glucose support.

Choice D reason: This balanced electrolyte solution is not typically the preferred fluid in DKA management because the lactate component may complicate interpretation of acid–base status. Although it can expand volume, it is generally avoided in favor of saline solutions that more directly address dehydration and electrolyte imbalance in DKA.

Choice E reason: This form of insulin is the only type used intravenously in DKA. A continuous infusion of regular insulin is essential to reduce blood glucose, suppress ketone production, and correct metabolic acidosis. It is carefully titrated with close monitoring of electrolytes, especially potassium, since insulin drives potassium into cells and can cause hypokalemia.

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common complication after bladder cancer surgery, especially if the patient has an indwelling urinary catheter.

A UTI can cause symptoms such as fever, pain, burning or urgency when urinating, blood in the urine, or cloudy or foul-smelling urine.

Choice A is wrong because urinary retention (the inability to empty the bladder completely) is unlikely to occur with an indwelling catheter, which drains urine continuously.

Choice B is wrong because urinary incontinence (the loss of bladder control) is more likely to occur after partial or radical cystectomy, which remove part or all of the bladder, respectively.

In these cases, reconstructive surgery is needed to create a new way for urine to leave the body.

Choice D is wrong because urinary urgency (the sudden and strong need to urinate) is also more likely to occur after partial or radical cystectomy, which can affect the nerves and muscles that control urination.

Urinary urgency can also be a symptom of a UTI, but it’s not the only one.