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Which factor is linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

A.

Obesity, age over 40 and female gender.

B.

Accelerated gastric emptying

C.

Incompetent rectal sphincter

D.

Drinking 12 cans of beer per day.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Obesity, age over 40, and female gender: While obesity and age can be risk factors for GERD, gender alone is not a significant factor. Excessive alcohol consumption, as indicated in option D, is a stronger link to GERD.

B. Accelerated gastric emptying: This is incorrect. GERD is more commonly associated with delayed gastric emptying or increased acid production rather than accelerated gastric emptying.

C. Incompetent rectal sphincter: This is incorrect. GERD is associated with an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter, not the rectal sphincter.

D. Drinking 12 cans of beer per day: Excessive alcohol consumption can relax the lower esophageal sphincter and increase the risk of GERD by allowing stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus.


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

26. A patient is admitted to the emergency department (ED) following an overdose of acetaminophen (Tylenol) and is diagnosed with cirrhosis. Which laboratory finding is consistent with the diagnosis?

  1. elevated serum protein hyperproteinemia
  2. decreased serum liver enzymes (ALT).
  3. elevated number of platelets thrombocytosis)
  4. decreased level of clotting factors.

Correct answer:

A. Elevated serum protein hyperproteinemia: In cirrhosis, serum protein levels, particularly albumin, are often decreased due to impaired liver synthesis.

B. Decreased serum liver enzymes (ALT): In cirrhosis, liver enzyme levels such as ALT (alanine aminotransferase) are typically elevated due to liver damage and inflammation.

C. Elevated number of platelets (thrombocytosis): Cirrhosis often leads to thrombocytopenia (decreased platelet count) due to splenomegaly and decreased production of thrombopoietin.

D. Decreased level of clotting factors: The liver synthesizes most clotting factors, and in cirrhosis, the production of these factors is impaired, leading to decreased levels and increased bleeding risk.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Diminished serum albumin levels cause water to shift from blood to tissue: In cirrhosis, liver dysfunction leads to decreased production of albumin, a protein that helps maintain oncotic pressure. Low albumin levels cause fluid to shift from the vascular space into the tissues, resulting in ascites and peripheral edema.

B. Portal hypotension causes a fluid shift from the abdominal cavity into the portal veins: Portal hypertension, not hypotension, is a common feature of cirrhosis, but it leads to ascites by increasing pressure in the portal venous system, not by shifting fluid into the portal veins.

C. Hypoaldosteronism causes a fluid volume deficit: shifting water from blood into tissue: Cirrhosis often leads to hyperaldosteronism, not hypoaldosteronism, resulting in sodium and water retention, which contributes to edema.

D. Aberrations of the portal system cause a back-up of blood that leads to hydronephrosis: Hydronephrosis is related to obstruction of the urinary tract, not a complication of portal hypertension or cirrhosis.

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