Which factor is linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Obesity, age over 40 and female gender.

Accelerated gastric emptying

Incompetent rectal sphincter

Drinking 12 cans of beer per day.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Obesity, age over 40, and female gender: While obesity and age can be risk factors for GERD, gender alone is not a significant factor. Excessive alcohol consumption, as indicated in option D, is a stronger link to GERD.

B. Accelerated gastric emptying: This is incorrect. GERD is more commonly associated with delayed gastric emptying or increased acid production rather than accelerated gastric emptying.

C. Incompetent rectal sphincter: This is incorrect. GERD is associated with an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter, not the rectal sphincter.

D. Drinking 12 cans of beer per day: Excessive alcohol consumption can relax the lower esophageal sphincter and increase the risk of GERD by allowing stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Non-bloody diarrhea with abdominal cramps: These symptoms are not typical of pancreatitis. They are more common in gastrointestinal infections or irritable bowel syndrome.

B. Belching and burping within one hour after eating: These symptoms are usually associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or dyspepsia, not pancreatitis.

C. Severe epigastric pain that radiates to his back: Severe epigastric pain that radiates to the back is a hallmark symptom of acute pancreatitis.

D. Heartburn that worsens when lying down: This symptom is more characteristic of GERD rather than pancreatitis.

A. The disease is prevalent in certain geographical locations. B. There is a well-defined genetic cause. C. Inflammatory processes are responsible for the signs and symptoms. D. Ischemic lesions in the brain are responsible for the signs and symptoms.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. The disease is prevalent in certain geographical locations: This statement is true but does not explain the etiology of MS. Geographic prevalence does not address the underlying cause.

B. There is a well-defined genetic cause: While genetics may play a role in MS, there is no single well-defined genetic cause for the disease.

C. Inflammatory processes are responsible for the signs and symptoms: MS is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and demyelination of the central nervous system, leading to the signs and symptoms of the disease.

D. Ischemic lesions in the brain are responsible for the signs and symptoms: MS is primarily caused by demyelination rather than ischemic lesions.

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Which factor is linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

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