Which are potential results of end-organ damage from chronic hypertension? (Select all that apply.)

Choice A reason: Older adult’s self-report is not the most helpful tool, as it may not be reliable or consistent in older adults, especially if they have cognitive impairment, communication difficulties, or cultural barriers. Older adults may also underreport or overreport their pain due to fear, stoicism, or expectations.

Choice B reason: FPS-R (Faces Pain Scale-Revised) is not the most helpful tool, as it may not be suitable or valid for older adults, especially if they have visual impairment, facial paralysis, or dementia. FPS-R is a pictorial scale that uses six facial expressions to represent different levels of pain intensity, from 0 (no pain) to 10 (very much pain).

Choice C reason: Pain medication frequency is not the most helpful tool, as it may not reflect the actual pain level or the effectiveness of the pharmacotherapy. Pain medication frequency may vary depending on the type, dose, route, and duration of the medication, as well as the individual response and tolerance of the older adult.

Choice D reason: Older adult's pain diary is the most helpful tool, as it can provide a comprehensive and longitudinal record of the pain experience, including the location, intensity, quality, frequency, duration, triggers, relievers, and impact of the pain. A pain diary can also help track the use and response of the comfort measures, activity, and pharmacotherapy, and identify the patterns and trends of the pain.

Choice E reason: None of the above is not the correct answer, as there is one choice that is the most helpful tool for the nurse to use.

Choice A reason: The classic signs of elevated glucose levels, polyuria, polyphagia, and polydipsia are rarely present in older adults is true because older adults may have impaired thirst sensation, reduced appetite, or altered renal function that can mask these symptoms. They may also have other chronic conditions or medications that can affect their glucose levels or urine output.

Choice B reason: Older adults tend to metabolize glucose at a faster rate than younger adults is false because older adults usually have a slower metabolism and a reduced insulin sensitivity that can impair their glucose regulation. They may also have less muscle mass and more fat tissue that can affect their glucose utilization.

Choice C reason: Fingerstick glucose monitoring is inaccurate in older adults is false because fingerstick glucose monitoring is a reliable and convenient method to measure blood glucose levels in older adults, as long as they follow the proper technique and calibration. They may also benefit from using devices that have larger displays, voice output, or memory functions.

Choice D reason: There is a higher tolerance for elevated levels of circulating glucose in older adults is false because elevated levels of circulating glucose can cause serious complications in older adults, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, nerve damage, or infections. Older adults may have a higher risk of developing these complications due to their age, comorbidities, or frailty.