Which are conditions that may be treated using beta blockers? (Select all that apply.)

Choice A reason: Red-orange colored bodily secretions are a well-known side effect of the medication rifampin, not isoniazid. Rifampin is often used in combination therapy for tuberculosis, and it can cause the patient's urine, sweat, tears, and other bodily fluids to become red or orange in color. However, this specific side effect is not associated with isoniazid, which is used as a part of the treatment regimen for tuberculosis but does not cause this particular discoloration.

Choice B reason: Tingling sensation in fingers and toes, also known as peripheral neuropathy, is a recognized side effect of isoniazid. Isoniazid can interfere with vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) metabolism, leading to a deficiency. This deficiency causes neuropathy, resulting in tingling, numbness, or burning sensations in the extremities. To prevent this side effect, patients receiving isoniazid are often prescribed vitamin B6 supplements. These supplements help prevent the development of peripheral neuropathy by ensuring adequate levels of vitamin B6 in the body, which is essential for nerve health.

Choice C reason: Difficulty distinguishing the color red from green, or color blindness, is not a side effect of isoniazid. Color vision deficiency is not associated with the use of isoniazid. Other medications, such as ethambutol, used in tuberculosis treatment can cause visual disturbances, including changes in color vision, but isoniazid does not typically affect color perception. Isoniazid's primary neurological side effect is peripheral neuropathy rather than issues with color vision.

Choice D reason: Light sensitivity, or photophobia, is not a common side effect of isoniazid. This symptom is more likely to be associated with other conditions or medications that affect the eyes or central nervous system. Isoniazid's side effects are primarily related to liver toxicity and peripheral neuropathy, rather than causing sensitivity to light. Therefore, experiencing photophobia would not be directly attributable to isoniazid therapy and would require further investigation to determine the underlying cause.

Choice A reason: Beta blockers are commonly used to treat cardiac dysrhythmias (irregular heartbeats). They work by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart, which helps to reduce the heart rate and regulate the rhythm. This makes beta blockers effective in managing conditions such as atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, and supraventricular tachycardia.

Choice B reason: Hypotension (low blood pressure) is not typically treated with beta blockers. In fact, beta blockers can sometimes lower blood pressure, so they are usually avoided in patients with pre-existing hypotension. Instead, other medications or treatments are used to manage low blood pressure.

Choice C reason: Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is not treated with beta blockers. The primary treatment for hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone replacement therapy, usually with levothyroxine. Beta blockers do not address the underlying issue of thyroid hormone deficiency and are not used in the management of this condition.

Choice D reason: Beta blockers are used to treat heart failure, particularly in patients with systolic heart failure. They help to reduce the workload on the heart, improve heart function, and decrease the risk of hospitalization and mortality. By slowing the heart rate and reducing the force of contraction, beta blockers can help to manage symptoms and improve outcomes in heart failure patients.

Choice E reason: Beta blockers are used to treat stage fright (performance anxiety) because they help to control physical symptoms of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate, trembling, and sweating. By blocking the effects of adrenaline, beta blockers can help individuals feel calmer and more composed during stressful situations, such as public speaking or performing in front of an audience.