When caring for the patient with left sided heart failure, which of the following are subjective symptoms?

Choice A rationale
The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) project provides a roadmap to transform nursing by integrating six competencies: patient-centered care, teamwork and collaboration, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, safety, and informatics.
Choice B rationale
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) is a non-profit organization that provides unbiased and authoritative advice to decision makers and the public. While the IOM has made significant contributions to health care, it does not specifically develop safety competencies for nurses.
Choice C rationale
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) is a national public health institute in the United States. It conducts and supports health promotion, prevention and preparedness activities in the United States, with the goal of improving overall public health.
Choice D rationale
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is legislation that provides data privacy and security provisions for safeguarding medical information. While HIPAA contributes to the safety and privacy of patient information, it does not develop safety competencies for nurses.

Choice A rationale
Fatigue is a subjective symptom because it is experienced and reported by the patient. Patients with left-sided heart failure often experience fatigue due to the heart’s inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs.
Choice B rationale
Elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is an objective symptom that can be measured and observed by healthcare professionals. It is not something that a patient can directly experience or report.
Choice C rationale
Orthopnea, or difficulty breathing when lying flat, is a subjective symptom as it is based on the patient’s personal experience. However, it is not the best answer in this case because the question asks for the “subjective symptoms,” and fatigue is a more common subjective symptom of left-sided heart failure.
Choice D rationale
Cyanosis, or bluish discoloration of the skin due to poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood, is an objective symptom that can be observed by healthcare professionals. It is not something that a patient can directly experience or report.