What is the term for an excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood as a result of kidney insufficiency?

Monitoring the client’s electrolyte levels before and after the treatment. This is because acute kidney injury (AKI) can cause electrolyte imbalances such as hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and metabolic acidosis. Hemodialysis can help correct these imbalances by removing excess fluid and waste products from the blood. However, hemodialysis can also cause electrolyte shifts and complications such as hypotension, muscle cramps, and arrhythmias. Therefore, it is important to monitor the client’s electrolyte levels before and after the treatment to assess the effectiveness and safety of hemodialysis.

Choice A is wrong because monitoring the client’s blood pressure every 4 hours is not frequent enough during hemodialysis.

Hemodialysis can cause rapid changes in blood pressure due to fluid removal and vascular access.

Therefore, blood pressure should be monitored more often, such as every 15 to 30 minutes during hemodialysis.

Choice B is wrong because administering a loop diuretic before the treatment is not indicated for AKI patients receiving hemodialysis.

Loop diuretics are used to increase urine output and reduce fluid overload in AKI patients who have some residual kidney function.

However, hemodialysis can achieve the same goal by removing excess fluid from the blood.

Moreover, loop diuretics can cause electrolyte depletion and ototoxicity, which can worsen the condition of AKI patients.

Choice C is wrong because assessing the client’s respiratory status every 2 hours is not specific enough for hemodialysis treatment.

Hemodialysis can affect respiratory mechanics by altering fluid balance, acid- base status, and oxygen delivery.

Therefore, respiratory status should be assessed more frequently and comprehensively during hemodialysis, such as by measuring respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, arterial blood gas, and chest auscultation.

Fluid overload, also called hypervolemia, is a condition in which the body has too much water.

It can cause edema, hypertension, shortness of breath, and cardiovascular problems.

Diuretics are medications that help the body remove excess fluid through urine.

They are commonly used to treat fluid overload caused by heart failure, kidney failure, cirrhosis, and other conditions.

Choice B is wrong because encouraging increased fluid intake would worsen the fluid overload and increase the risk of complications.

Choice C is wrong because providing a high-sodium diet would also worsen the fluid overload and increase the risk of complications.

Sodium is an electrolyte that regulates fluid balance in the body.

Excess sodium intake can cause water retention and increase blood pressure.

Choice D is wrong because elevating the affected extremities is not an appropriate intervention for fluid overload.

Elevating the extremities can help reduce swelling caused by local factors such as injury or inflammation, but it does not address the underlying cause of fluid overload.