What is a sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in a 10-year-old child?
Tachypnoea
Bulging fontanel
Headache
Increase in head circumference
The Correct Answer is C
A sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in a 10-year-old child is a headache. Headache is a common symptom associated with increased pressure within the cranial cavity. It can be a result of various conditions that cause elevated intracranial pressure, such as brain tumours, intracranial haemorrhage, hydrocephalus, or brain trauma. The headache may be described as persistent, worsening, or accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or changes in neurological status.
tachypnoea (rapid breathing), in (option A) is incorrect because it is not a specific sign of increased intracranial pressure. It can be seen in various conditions, including respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, anxiety, or physical exertion.
bulging fontanel in (option B) is incorrect because it, is more commonly observed in infants and is not typically seen in older children. The fontanelles (soft spots) on an infant's skull normally close by the age of 18-24 months.
an increase in head circumference in (option D) is incorrect because it, may be a sign of increased intracranial pressure in infants. However, in a 10-year-old child, the fontanelles are typically closed, and head circumference growth is not a reliable indicator of increased intracranial pressure
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
The term used to describe an abnormally increased convex angulation in the curvature of the thoracic spine, which appears as a "hump back" or rounded upper back, is kyphosis.
Kyphosis refers to an excessive forward rounding or curvature of the thoracic spine, leading to a visible hump-like appearance. It can result from various causes, including poor posture, congenital abnormalities, osteoporosis, or certain medical conditions.
ankylosis in (option A), refers to the abnormal fusion or immobility of a joint, typically due to inflammation or injury.
Lordosis, in (option C) refers to an excessive inward curvature of the lower back, causing the abdomen and buttocks to protrude.
, scoliosis in (option D), refers to an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine, typically in an "S" or "C" shape. It is different from kyphosis, which primarily affects the thoracic spine and results in a rounded upper back.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Tanner staging is a method used to assess and describe the development of secondary sexcharacteristics during puberty. It is primarily focused on the physical changes that occur asindividuals transition from childhood to adulthood. The Tanner scale consists of differentstages(ItoV)that describethedevelopmentofspecificsecondarysexcharacteristicssuchasbreastdevelopment, pubichairgrowth,genital development,and facialhair growth.
Growthhormonesecretionin(optionA)isincorrectbecauseWhilegrowthhormonedoesplay a role in the overall growth and development of individuals during puberty, Tannerstagingdoes not specificallymeasureor assessgrowth hormone secretion.
Hormone levels in (option B) is incorrect because While hormone levels, including sexhormonessuchas estrogenandtestosterone, doplayasignificantrolein thedevelopmentofsecondary sex characteristics, Tanner staging itself does not involve measuring or assessinghormone levels. Hormone levels can be assessed through laboratory testing, but this is aseparateprocess from Tanner staging
Hyperthyroidism in (option C) is incorrect because Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, is amedical condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland that produces an excessivenumberofthyroidhormones.Itisnotdirectlyrelatedtothedevelopmentofsecondarysexcharacteristics. Diagnosing hyperthyroidism typically involves assessing symptoms,conductingphysicalexaminations,andperformingspecificbloodteststomeasurethyroidhormone levelsandevaluatethyroidfunction.
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