The nurse teaches a pregnant woman about the presumptive, probable, and positive signs of pregnancy.
The woman demonstrates understanding of the nurse's instructions if she states that a positive sign of pregnancy is:.

Choice A rationale:

Perinatal transmission of HIV can occur not only in the third trimester but also during labor and delivery. It is not limited to the maternal circulation alone.

Choice B rationale:

While needlestick injuries are a potential risk for healthcare workers, perinatal transmission to the newborn does not occur through this route.

Choice C rationale:

HIV is not transmitted through the ingestion of amniotic fluid. The virus can be present in the amniotic fluid, but the main route of transmission to the newborn is during delivery or through breastfeeding.

Choice D rationale:

The correct answer. HIV can be transmitted from an infected mother to her child through breastfeeding if appropriate antiretroviral therapy is not administered. Breast milk can contain the virus, putting the infant at risk of infection. Therefore, in cases where the mother is HIV-positive, formula feeding is recommended to prevent transmission of the virus to the newborn.

The correct answer is Choice A.

Choice A rationale: Increasing the caloric density of an infant's formula provides more calories in a smaller volume, reducing the energy expenditure required for feeding. This approach ensures the infant receives adequate nutrition while managing heart failure symptoms effectively.

Choice B rationale: Feeding an infant every 2 hours can lead to feeding intolerance and fatigue. Infants with heart failure often have limited energy reserves and need longer intervals between feedings to conserve energy and improve feeding effectiveness.

Choice C rationale: Increasing the amount of formula per feeding can overwhelm an infant with heart failure, leading to fatigue and decreased feeding efficiency. Smaller, frequent feedings with higher caloric density are more effective in providing necessary nutrients.

Choice D rationale: Placing a nasal oxygen cannula on an infant during feeding is not a standard recommendation for managing heart failure. While oxygen therapy may be necessary for some infants, it is not specifically tied to feeding practices and should be used based on individual clinical assessments.