Which data would be included in a health history? (Select all that apply.)

Choice A reason:

Chloride is not a major electrolyte that is affected by diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Chloride levels may be low, normal or high depending on the acid-base status and hydration of the client. Therefore, chloride is not a priority electrolyte to monitor for signs of imbalance.

Choice B reason:

Phosphate is also not a major electrolyte that is affected by DKA. Phosphate levels may be low due to insulin therapy or high due to renal impairment, but these are not directly related to DKA. Therefore, phosphate is not a priority electrolyte to monitor for signs of imbalance.

Choice C reason:

Bicarbonate is a major electrolyte that is affected by DKA. Bicarbonate levels are low in DKA due to metabolic acidosis caused by the accumulation of ketones in the blood. Low bicarbonate levels can lead to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, confusion and coma. Therefore, bicarbonate is a priority electrolyte to monitor for signs of imbalance.

Choice D reason:

Sulfate is not a major electrolyte that is affected by DKA. Sulfate levels are not routinely measured in clinical practice and have no significant role in DKA. Therefore, sulfate is not a priority electrolyte to monitor for signs of imbalance.

Choice E reason:

Potassium is a major electrolyte that is affected by DKA. Potassium levels can be high or low in DKA depending on several factors such as insulin therapy, fluid replacement, renal function and acid-base status. High or low potassium levels can cause cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, paralysis and respiratory failure. Therefore, potassium is a priority electrolyte to monitor for signs of imbalance.

Choice A rationale: Identification of a fetal heartbeat via Doppler or ultrasound is a positive sign because it provides objective, undeniable evidence of a living fetus separate from the maternal systems.

Choice B rationale: Palpation of the fetal outline is considered a probable sign of pregnancy. While suggestive, it is not definitive because uterine tumors or myomas can occasionally mimic the fetal shape.

Choice C rationale: Visualization of the fetus through ultrasound or radiographic study is a positive sign. It offers direct, objective confirmation of the embryo or fetus, leaving no room for diagnostic error.

Choice D rationale: Verification of fetal movement by a trained healthcare provider is a positive sign. Unlike subjective maternal "quickening," professional palpation of movement confirms the presence of a live, developing fetus.

Choice E rationale: A positive hCG test is a probable sign of pregnancy. Human chorionic gonadotropin levels can be elevated by certain medications, molar pregnancies, or specific types of choriocarcinoma tumors.