The nurse assesses an older adult's cognitive status using a standard assessment instrument. Which of the following are cognitive assessment tools? (Select all that apply.)

A. Sub-acute care is more intensive than traditional nursing home care.

Explanation: Sub-acute care is generally more intensive and focused on providing specialized, short-term medical care and rehabilitation services. It is designed for individuals who require a higher level of care than what is typically provided in traditional nursing home settings.

B. Sub-acute care and nursing home care are identical.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. Sub-acute care and nursing home care serve different purposes. Sub-acute care is typically provided for individuals recovering from acute medical conditions or surgeries, while nursing homes often cater to individuals with chronic illnesses or long-term care needs.

C. Sub-acute care is reimbursed by either Medicaid or private pay.

Explanation: This statement is not entirely accurate. Sub-acute care may be reimbursed by a variety of sources, including Medicare, private insurance, and, in some cases, Medicaid. The reimbursement sources can vary based on the specific circumstances and the services provided.

D. Professional nursing staff levels are the same as those in traditional nursing home settings.

Explanation: This statement is generally incorrect. Sub-acute care settings often have a higher ratio of skilled healthcare professionals, including nurses and therapists, compared to traditional nursing homes. This higher level of staffing is necessary to meet the more intensive medical and rehabilitation needs of sub-acute care patients.

A. Women have significantly higher mortality rates from hip fractures than do men.
Explanation: This statement is generally true. Women, particularly older women, tend to have higher mortality rates associated with hip fractures compared to men. This is partly because women are more prone to osteoporosis, a condition that increases the risk of fractures.

B. Hip fractures are associated with very high morbidity and mortality.
Explanation: This statement is generally true. Hip fractures can have significant consequences, including increased morbidity and mortality. Complications, such as infections, immobility-related issues, and other medical conditions, can contribute to the overall impact on health.

C. Hip fractures are a leading cause of hospitalization for older people.
Explanation: This statement is generally true. Hip fractures are a common reason for hospitalization among older adults. The severity of the injury often requires medical intervention, surgery, and rehabilitation.

D. Nearly all older patients who sustain a hip fracture will regain prefracture mobility status within 1 year.
Explanation: This statement is not accurate. While many older patients can regain some mobility with appropriate rehabilitation, not all will regain their prefracture mobility status. The extent of recovery varies among individuals and depends on factors such as overall health, comorbidities, and the severity of the fracture.

E. The major cause of hip fractures is falls.
Explanation: This statement is accurate. Falls are a major cause of hip fractures in older adults. Understanding and addressing factors contributing to falls are essential in preventing hip fractures.