Select all that apply: Which of the following are examples of Secondary Evidence?

Choice A reason: Practice Guidelines are systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. They are designed to reduce variation in practice and promote the integration of new research findings into patient care, which can improve outcomes and cost-effectiveness.

Choice B reason: Personal Guidelines are not a standard term in healthcare. Individuals may have personal preferences or rules for their own health care, but these are not formal guidelines that influence practice on a wider scale.

Choice C reason: Nursing Guidelines are specific to the nursing profession and provide a framework for nurses in their practice. However, they are not as broad in scope as Practice Guidelines, which encompass all areas of health care.

Choice D reason: Institutional Guidelines are developed within a specific institution, such as a hospital, and may not have the wide-reaching impact on practice variation and cost that Practice Guidelines, developed by government agencies or professional societies, have.

Choice A reason: Health disparity refers to the differences in health outcomes and access to healthcare across different populations. It is not an interactive process that provides guidance and direction.

Choice B reason: Clinical nursing involves direct patient care and the application of clinical skills. While it includes aspects of leadership, it is not defined primarily as an interactive process for guidance and direction.

Choice C reason: Formal nursing refers to the structured and professional practice of nursing within healthcare settings. It encompasses leadership roles but is not synonymous with the interactive process of leadership itself.

Choice D reason: Leadership is the correct answer because it is indeed an interactive process that involves guiding and directing individuals or groups towards achieving goals. Effective leadership provides the vision, motivation, and support needed to accomplish tasks and navigate challenges.