Maternal mortality in the United States is the lowest of any industrialized country.

Choice A rationale

Surfactant reduces alveolar surface tension, improving lung compliance and facilitating gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, critical in addressing respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants.

Choice B rationale

Periodic apnea in premature infants is a neurological immaturity issue, not directly addressed by surfactant, which targets alveolar function in the lungs.

Choice C rationale

Surfactant does not possess antimicrobial properties; it functions to stabilize alveoli, not to combat respiratory infections.

Choice D rationale

Sedation requirements for infants are unrelated to surfactant therapy, which works mechanically in the lungs rather than through central nervous system effects.

Choice A rationale

Chlorhexidine is a broad-spectrum antiseptic effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is safe for patients allergic to betadine and reduces infection risks during catheter insertion.

Choice B rationale

Betadine, containing povidone-iodine, is contraindicated in patients with allergies to iodine. Using it could trigger allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, compromising patient safety.

Choice C rationale

Sterile water lacks antiseptic properties and does not provide necessary antimicrobial activity to minimize infection risks, making it unsuitable for catheter insertion.

Choice D rationale

Alcohol wipes can cause tissue irritation and discomfort during catheter insertion. They are less effective against bacterial spores, reducing their efficacy for preventing infections in this context.