Left-sided heart failure is characterized by

Choice A reason: Lipid-laden mast cells are not foam cells. Mast cells are immune cells that release histamine and other inflammatory mediators. They do not accumulate lipids or have a soap-like texture.

Choice B reason: Macrophages that engulf low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are foam cells. They are part of the atherosclerotic process that leads to plaque formation in the blood vessels. They are called foam cells because they have a foamy appearance under the microscope.

Choice C reason: Injured neutrophil clots are not foam cells. Neutrophils are immune cells that fight infection and form pus. They do not engulf LDLs or contribute to atherosclerosis.

Choice D reason: Deposited adipose cells are not foam cells. Adipose cells are fat cells that store energy and secrete hormones. They do not phagocytose LDLs or form plaques in the blood vessels.

Choice A reason: Jugular vein distention is a sign of right-sided heart failure, not left-sided. It indicates increased pressure in the right atrium and vena cava.

Choice B reason: Peripheral edema is also a sign of right-sided heart failure, not left-sided. It indicates fluid retention in the lower extremities and abdomen.

Choice C reason: Decreased systemic vascular resistance is not a characteristic of left-sided heart failure. It is a compensatory mechanism that occurs in response to reduced cardiac output.

Choice D reason: Pulmonary congestion is a characteristic of left-sided heart failure. It indicates fluid accumulation in the lungs due to the inability of the left ventricle to pump blood effectively.