During an interview with a male client who has Parkinson's disease (PD), the nurse notices that he is drooling and mumbling. Which pathophysiological factor contributes to the client's inability to express himself?
Damage to Broca's area in temporal lobe of brain.
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the basal ganglia.
Brain atrophy with diffuse amyloid plaques disposition.
Paralysis of the pharyngeal and epiglottal area.
The Correct Answer is B
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia. This degeneration leads to a deficiency of dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of movement and coordination. The inability to express oneself, as seen in the client's mumbling, can be attributed to the motor symptoms of PD, particularly bradykinesia (slowness of movement) and hypomimia (reduced facial expression), which result from dopaminergic neuron degeneration.
A) Damage to Broca's area in the temporal lobe of the brain:
Damage to Broca's area typically results in expressive aphasia, which is characterized by difficulty speaking and forming coherent sentences. While speech difficulties can occur in PD, they are primarily due to motor dysfunction rather than damage to specific language centers in the brain.
B) Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the basal ganglia:
Correct. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia, particularly the substantia nigra, is the primary pathological factor in Parkinson's disease. This degeneration leads to motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, which can affect the client's ability to speak clearly and express himself.
C) Brain atrophy with diffuse amyloid plaques disposition:
This description is more characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, a different neurodegenerative disorder characterized by brain atrophy and the deposition of amyloid plaques. While cognitive impairment can occur in PD, the primary motor symptoms are related to dopaminergic neuron degeneration rather than amyloid plaque deposition.
D) Paralysis of the pharyngeal and epiglottal area:
Paralysis of the pharyngeal and epiglottal area can lead to dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) rather than difficulty expressing oneself verbally. While dysphagia can occur in PD, it is not typically the primary factor contributing to speech difficulties in this condition.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A) Deficiency of factors VIII or IX.
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder characterized by deficient or defective clotting factors, specifically factors VIII (hemophilia A) or IX (hemophilia B). These clotting factors are essential for the formation of stable blood clots. Therefore, if hemophilia is present, the deficiency of factors VIII or IX can lead to impaired clot formation and prolonged bleeding.
B) Diminished amount of vitamin K:
Vitamin K deficiency can lead to impaired blood clotting due to inadequate synthesis of clotting factors in the liver. However, hemophilia is specifically associated with deficiencies in factors VIII or IX, not vitamin K.
C) Decreased amount of platelets:
Platelets play a crucial role in primary hemostasis and initial platelet plug formation at the site of vascular injury. While decreased platelet count or dysfunction can lead to bleeding disorders such as thrombocytopenia or platelet function disorders, hemophilia specifically involves deficiencies in clotting factors, not platelets.
D) Missing factors V and VII:
Factor V and VII are other clotting factors involved in the coagulation cascade, but they are not deficient in hemophilia. Hemophilia is specifically characterized by deficiencies in factors VIII (hemophilia A) or IX (hemophilia B).
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A) Elevation in blood pressure:
While elevation in blood pressure could potentially cause discomfort at the arterial line insertion site, it is not the most likely physiological effect to induce sudden pain in this scenario. Blood pressure elevation would typically cause generalized symptoms rather than localized pain at the insertion site.
B) Vasospasm at insertion site:
Correct. Vasospasm refers to the sudden constriction of blood vessels, leading to reduced blood flow. It can occur in response to arterial puncture or manipulation during arterial line insertion, resulting in sudden pain at the insertion site.
C) Clot in the arterial catheter:
A clot in the arterial catheter could potentially cause obstruction and affect blood flow, but it is less likely to induce sudden pain at the insertion site unless there is associated ischemia or tissue damage.
D) Air lock in the transducer:
An air lock in the transducer could disrupt pressure monitoring but is not typically associated with sudden pain at the insertion site. It may lead to inaccurate pressure readings rather than localized pain.
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