A client who has asthma (a reactive airway disease) asks the nurse about the role of leukotrienes in this process. Leukotrienes have which immune response?

Produce the sensation of Itching.

Tighten airway and produce mucous.

Causes formation of bradykinin.

Serves as receptor for antigen.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid metabolism, primarily produced by leukocytes (white blood cells) such as mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils. In the context of asthma, leukotrienes play a significant role in the pathophysiology of the disease by contributing to airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Here's a breakdown of their immune response:

A) Produce the sensation of itching:

Leukotrienes are not directly involved in producing the sensation of itching. Itching is often associated with histamine release rather than leukotrienes.

B) Tighten airway and produce mucous:

Correct. Leukotrienes are potent bronchoconstrictors that cause smooth muscle contraction in the airways, leading to narrowing (constriction) of the bronchioles. Additionally, they stimulate the secretion of mucus from goblet cells in the airway epithelium, contributing to airway obstruction and mucus production, which are characteristic features of asthma exacerbations.

C) Causes formation of bradykinin:

Bradykinin is a peptide mediator that is generated from the plasma protein kininogen and is involved in vasodilation, pain sensation, and inflammation. Leukotrienes are not directly responsible for the formation of bradykinin.

D) Serves as a receptor for antigen:

Leukotrienes do not serve as receptors for antigens. Instead, they are lipid mediators released in response to various stimuli, including allergens, infections, and irritants, and they act on specific receptors (e.g., leukotriene receptors) to exert their effects, such as bronchoconstriction and inflammation

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A) Increased preload that results in generalized peripheral edema:

This statement is incorrect. Decreased blood volume due to hemorrhage leads to decreased preload, not increased preload. Generalized peripheral edema is more commonly associated with conditions such as heart failure or kidney disease, where fluid retention leads to increased preload.

B) The lowered blood pressure results in a reduction of the heart rate:

While it's true that a decrease in blood pressure can trigger compensatory mechanisms such as an increase in heart rate (tachycardia), the specific response mentioned in this option is not entirely accurate. The primary compensatory response to hemorrhage-induced hypotension is typically an increase in heart rate, not a reduction.

C) Decreased preload that can lead to decreased cardiac output:

Correct. With decreased blood volume (preload), there is less blood returning to the heart during diastole. This leads to decreased ventricular filling and subsequently decreased stroke volume and cardiac output. Decreased cardiac output can contribute to hypotension and inadequate tissue perfusion.

D) Increased peripheral resistance resulting from poor renal perfusion:

While poor renal perfusion can trigger mechanisms to increase peripheral resistance (such as activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system), this option does not directly address the primary effect of decreased preload on cardiac output. Increased peripheral resistance alone does not adequately compensate for decreased preload to maintain cardiac output.

A. Shivering. B. Purulent drainage. C. Temperature of 102° F (37.8° C). D. Redness and localized heat.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A) Shivering:

Shivering is not a normal inflammatory response to wound healing. It may indicate systemic symptoms such as fever or chills, which could be indicative of infection or other complications.

B) Purulent drainage:

Purulent drainage (pus) is often a sign of infection rather than a normal inflammatory response to wound healing. While some serous or serosanguinous drainage may be expected initially, purulent drainage suggests an abnormal response.

C) Temperature of 102° F (37.8° C):

A temperature of 102° F (37.8° C) is indicative of fever, which can occur in response to infection or inflammation. While fever is part of the inflammatory response, it is not necessarily considered a normal finding in the context of wound healing and may indicate an abnormal response such as infection.

D) Redness and localized heat:

Correct. Redness (erythema) and localized heat are typical signs of the inflammatory phase of wound healing. Inflammation is a normal response to tissue injury and is characterized by increased blood flow to the area, resulting in redness and warmth. These signs indicate that the body's immune response is active and working to repair the injured tissue.

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A client who has asthma (a reactive airway disease) asks the nurse about the role of leukotrienes in this process. Leukotrienes have which immune response?

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