Components to a cognitive assessment include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

A. Hearing.

While hearing impairment can affect overall awareness, it is not as directly linked to the risk of falls as vision, cognitive disorders, and blood pressure-related issues.

B. Vision.

Correct. Visual impairment can contribute to an increased risk of falls.

C. Cognitive disorders.

Correct. Cognitive impairment or disorders can impact a person's awareness and ability to navigate their environment safely.

D. Preprandial hypotension.

Correct. Low blood pressure before meals (preprandial hypotension) can contribute to dizziness and falls, especially in older adults.

E. Orthostatic hypotension.

Correct. Orthostatic hypotension, a drop in blood pressure upon standing, is a risk factor for falls.

A. Defecation less than once each day is not necessarily constipation.

Explanation: The frequency of bowel movements varies among individuals, and defecating less than once each day does not necessarily indicate constipation. Normal bowel habits can differ, and what is considered regular for one person may not be the same for another. Constipation is better assessed by considering other factors such as stool consistency, straining during bowel movements, and feelings of incomplete evacuation.

B. Leaking liquid feces should be treated as diarrhea.

Explanation: Leaking liquid feces may be indicative of diarrhea, but it is not the only factor to consider. The cause of diarrhea should be investigated, and treatment will depend on the underlying reason, which may include infections, medications, or other medical conditions.

C. Mineral oil is recommended as a laxative for the older adult.

Explanation: Mineral oil is generally not recommended as a laxative for older adults. It can interfere with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and may have adverse effects. There are other safer and more effective laxative options that healthcare providers may recommend.

D. Excessive sleep can be a symptom of constipation.

Explanation: Excessive sleep is not typically considered a symptom of constipation. Constipation is more commonly associated with symptoms such as infrequent bowel movements, difficulty passing stool, and abdominal discomfort. Sleep disturbances may have various causes, but they are not a direct symptom of constipation.