Components to a cognitive assessment include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

A. Four-length rails.

Explanation: Four-length rails fully enclose the bed and can be considered a more restrictive measure. They may be used when a restraint order is in place, but for an alert patient without such an order, less restrictive alternatives are preferred.

B. One-length rail.

Explanation: Using one-length rails can be a less restrictive alternative when a patient is at high risk for falling. The use of one side rail allows for some protection against falls without fully restraining the patient. This approach helps maintain the patient's mobility and autonomy while still providing a safety measure.

C. Two full-length rails.

Explanation: While using two full-length rails is less restrictive than four-length rails, it is still more restrictive than using only one side rail. The goal is to balance fall prevention with the patient's autonomy.

D. No side rails.

Explanation: Using no side rails may not provide adequate protection for an alert patient at high risk for falling. While avoiding restraints is essential, implementing at least one side rail is a reasonable compromise to enhance safety without fully restricting the patient's movement.

A. Hearing.

While hearing impairment can affect overall awareness, it is not as directly linked to the risk of falls as vision, cognitive disorders, and blood pressure-related issues.

B. Vision.

Correct. Visual impairment can contribute to an increased risk of falls.

C. Cognitive disorders.

Correct. Cognitive impairment or disorders can impact a person's awareness and ability to navigate their environment safely.

D. Preprandial hypotension.

Correct. Low blood pressure before meals (preprandial hypotension) can contribute to dizziness and falls, especially in older adults.

E. Orthostatic hypotension.

Correct. Orthostatic hypotension, a drop in blood pressure upon standing, is a risk factor for falls.