Calcium carbonate is given with meals to a child with chronic renal disease. The purpose of this is to achieve which desired result?

Bind phosphorus.

Increase absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Stimulate appetite.

Prevent vomiting.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Choice A rationale:

Calcium carbonate is often given with meals to individuals with chronic renal disease, especially those on dialysis. One of the primary purposes is to bind dietary phosphorus in the gastrointestinal tract. In chronic renal disease, the kidneys are less effective at filtering out excess phosphorus from the blood, leading to elevated phosphorus levels (hyperphosphatemia). Elevated phosphorus levels can contribute to bone and mineral disorders in these patients. Calcium carbonate forms insoluble calcium phosphate complexes with dietary phosphorus, preventing its absorption and facilitating its elimination from the body through the feces.

Choice B rationale:

While calcium carbonate can interact with fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin D, the primary reason for administering it to individuals with chronic renal disease is to manage phosphorus levels. Calcium carbonate can bind phosphorus and prevent its absorption, which is particularly important for patients with compromised kidney function.

Choice C rationale:

Stimulating appetite is not a primary purpose of administering calcium carbonate to children with chronic renal disease. The main focus is on managing phosphorus levels and preventing complications associated with hyperphosphatemia.

Choice D rationale:

Preventing vomiting is not a primary purpose of giving calcium carbonate to children with chronic renal disease. Calcium carbonate is typically used to manage phosphorus levels and complications related to hyperphosphatemia in this population.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

The correct answer is choice A: "Urethral opening along ventral surface of penis."

Choice A rationale:

The statement "Urethral opening along ventral surface of penis" is correct. Hypospadias is a congenital condition where the opening of the urethra is located on the underside of the penis rather than at the tip. This anomaly requires surgical correction.

Choice B rationale:

The statement "Urethral opening along dorsal surface of penis" is incorrect. This statement describes an anatomically incorrect condition. The opening of the urethra is not supposed to be along the dorsal surface of the penis.

Choice C rationale:

The statement "Absence of a urethral opening" is incorrect. This statement describes a more severe condition called "urethral agenesis" where the urethral opening is completely absent. Hypospadias is different and involves a misplaced urethral opening.

Choice D rationale:

The statement "Penis shorter than usual for age" is not related to hypospadias. Hypospadias primarily involves the location of the urethral opening and is unrelated to the length of the penis.

A. Fourth stage. B. First stage. C. Third stage. D. Second stage.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

The correct answer is choice B. First stage.

Choice A rationale:

There is no fourth stage of Lyme disease. Lyme disease typically progresses through three stages: early localized, early disseminated, and late disseminated. The symptoms mentioned in the question are more indicative of earlier stages of the disease.

Choice B rationale:

The child is likely exhibiting symptoms of the first stage of Lyme disease, known as early localized Lyme disease. This stage is characterized by the appearance of small annular (circular) lesions known as erythema migrans. These lesions are often red and have a clear center, resembling a "bull's-eye" pattern. This stage occurs within days to weeks after a tick bite and is usually accompanied by flu-like symptoms.

Choice C rationale:

There is no third stage of Lyme disease. The third stage is considered the late disseminated stage, which occurs months to years after the initial infection. It typically involves more severe symptoms, such as arthritis, neurological issues, and cardiac abnormalities.

Choice D rationale:

There is no second stage of Lyme disease. The second stage is the early disseminated stage, which occurs weeks to a few months after the tick bite. It involves the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body, leading to symptoms such as multiple erythema migrans lesions, flu-like symptoms, fatigue, and muscle and joint pain.

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Calcium carbonate is given with meals to a child with chronic renal disease. The purpose of this is to achieve which desired result?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

The nurse understands that hypospadias refers to what urinary anomaly?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

The nurse is evaluating a child who has been outside in the woods at camp. The child has multiple, small annular lesions without an indurated center on the arm. The nurse suspects Lyme disease. Which stage of Lyme disease does the nurse believe that this child is exhibiting?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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