By which routes can insulin be administered? (Select All that Apply.)

Subcutaneous

Intradermal

Oral

Intravenous

Topical

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,D

A. Subcutaneous: Correct. The most common route for insulin administration is subcutaneous injection.
B. Intradermal: Incorrect. Insulin is not administered intradermally as this route does not provide proper absorption.
C. Oral: Incorrect. Insulin is not given orally because it would be broken down by digestive enzymes and stomach acid before it could be effective.
D. Intravenous: Correct. Insulin can be administered intravenously in emergency situations, such as diabetic ketoacidosis.
E. Topical: Incorrect. Insulin is not effective when applied topically.

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Correct Answer is ["B","C","E"]

Explanation

A. Pancreatitis: Pancreatitis is not directly caused by diabetes. It has different etiologies, such as gallstones, alcohol use, and certain medications.
B. New blindness: Diabetes is a leading cause of new cases of blindness among adults due to diabetic retinopathy, which damages the blood vessels in the retina.
C. Nontraumatic lower extremity amputations: Diabetes is the primary cause of nontraumatic lower extremity amputations due to complications such as peripheral neuropathy and poor circulation leading to severe infections and gangrene.
D. Hepatitis: Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, commonly caused by viral infections, alcohol abuse, or other factors, not directly by diabetes
E. Renal failure: Diabetes is a major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to diabetic nephropathy, which damages the kidneys over time.

A. Presence of renal or hepatic disease B. Fluid retention C. Need for diagnostic tests involving use of contrast dyes D. Weight gain E. Presence of heart failure

Correct Answer is ["A","C","E"]

Explanation

A. Presence of renal or hepatic disease: Metformin, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes, is primarily excreted by the kidneys. Patients with renal impairment are at increased risk of metformin accumulation, potentially leading to lactic acidosis. Assessing for the presence of renal or hepatic disease helps determine the appropriate dosage of metformin and reduces the risk of adverse effects.
B. Fluid retention: Metformin does not typically cause fluid retention; however, monitoring for signs of fluid retention is important, especially in patients with underlying conditions such as heart failure, as fluid retention can exacerbate their condition.
C. Need for diagnostic tests involving the use of contrast dyes: Metformin can increase the risk of lactic acidosis, particularly in patients undergoing procedures involving contrast dyes. Temporarily discontinuing metformin before such procedures reduces the risk of adverse effects.
D. Weight gain: Metformin is associated with weight neutrality or even modest weight loss. Monitoring weight changes can help assess treatment response and overall health.
E. Presence of heart failure: Metformin is contraindicated in patients with severe heart failure due to the potential risk of lactic acidosis. Assessing for the presence of heart failure helps ensure safe prescribing practices and avoids potential complications associated with metformin use in this population.

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By which routes can insulin be administered? (Select All that Apply.)

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Untreated or improperly treated diabetes is the primary cause of the following: (Select All that Apply.)

Correct Answer is ["B","C","E"]

Explanation

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Correct Answer is ["A","C","E"]

Explanation

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