An infant is experiencing dyspnea related to patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The nurse understands dyspnea occurs because blood

A. Metabolic alkalosis is not a common acid-base imbalance associated with ARF. Instead, metabolic acidosis is more commonly observed due to the retention of metabolic waste products.

B. Water and sodium (Na) retention: In ARF, the kidneys are unable to effectively filter and excrete waste products and excess fluids. This leads to the retention of water and sodium, contributing to fluid overload.

C. Anemia: ARF can lead to decreased erythropoietin production by the kidneys, which can result in anemia due to reduced red blood cell production.

D. Hyperkalemia: The impaired kidney function in ARF may result in the inability to regulate potassium levels. Elevated levels of potassium (hyperkalemia) can be a dangerous complication.

E. Increased urinary output is not a typical finding in ARF. Instead, the hallmark of ARF is a reduction in urine output or oliguria.

Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. It primarily affects the coagulation factors responsible for clot formation. In individuals with hemophilia, bleeding tends to occur most commonly in the joints, particularly in the large weight-bearing joints like the knees, elbows, and ankles. This is known as hemarthrosis and can lead to significant pain and joint damage.

While bleeding in other areas of the body can occur in hemophilia, such as the muscles or soft tissues, joint bleeding is one of the hallmark features of the condition.

The other options, B (intestines), C (brain), and D (pericardium), are less commonly associated with bleeding in hemophilia. Although bleeding can occur in various locations, joint bleeding is the most characteristic and commonly seen manifestation in individuals with hemophilia.