An adult says, "I have no answers," and "My opinion does not count." Which psychosocial crisis was unsuccessfully resolved for this adult?

Trust versus mistrust

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Initiative versus guilt

Identity versus role confusion

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A reason: Trust versus mistrust, Erikson's first psychosocial stage (0–1 year), focuses on developing trust in caregivers for basic needs. Failure leads to fear and suspicion, not feelings of worthlessness or insignificance. These symptoms do not align with the adult’s statements about opinions not counting, making this choice scientifically inaccurate for the described crisis.

Choice B reason: Autonomy versus shame and doubt, Erikson’s second stage (1–3 years), involves gaining independence in actions like self-care. Failure results in shame and self-doubt about autonomy, not a broader sense of worthlessness or lack of influence. This stage is unrelated to the adult’s expressed feelings, rendering this choice incorrect.

Choice C reason: Initiative versus guilt, the third stage (3–6 years), centers on initiating activities and asserting control. Failure leads to guilt over actions, not a diminished sense of self-worth or influence. The adult’s statements reflect identity struggles, not guilt from initiative, so this choice does not fit the psychosocial crisis described.

Choice D reason: Identity versus role confusion, Erikson’s fifth stage (12–18 years), involves forming a cohesive self-identity. Failure leads to role confusion, low self-esteem, and feelings of insignificance, directly aligning with the adult’s statements about having no answers and opinions not counting. This unresolved crisis persists into adulthood, making this the correct choice.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason: Occasional sleeplessness and anxiety are common stress responses and do not necessarily indicate mental illness. These symptoms may reflect temporary issues rather than a diagnosable psychiatric condition, lacking specificity for severe mental illness compared to reality-testing deficits, making this choice incorrect.

Choice B reason: Inability to distinguish reality from non-reality is a hallmark of psychosis, a severe mental illness symptom seen in disorders like schizophrenia. This indicates impaired reality testing, a critical diagnostic criterion, making it the clearest indicator of mental illness among the options, thus the correct choice.

Choice C reason: Uncertainty about job changes reflects normal decision-making stress, not a mental illness. It lacks specificity for psychiatric conditions, as it is a common life concern. This choice does not indicate a significant mental health impairment compared to reality-testing issues, making it incorrect.

Choice D reason: Sadness and low mood may suggest depression, but they are less specific than psychotic symptoms like reality distortion. These feelings can occur in non-clinical contexts, making them less definitive for mental illness compared to inability to discern reality, rendering this choice incorrect.

A. Include the child in small group activities B. Encourage the child to observe others talking C. Give the child a small treat for speaking D. Teach the child relaxation techniques

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: Including the child in group activities promotes socialization but is not operant conditioning, which uses rewards to reinforce specific behaviors like speech. This approach lacks direct reinforcement, making it ineffective for the targeted behavior, thus incorrect.

Choice B reason: Observing others talking may model behavior but is not operant conditioning, which requires direct reinforcement of the desired action (speech). Passive observation does not provide the reward structure needed to encourage speech, making this choice incorrect.

Choice C reason: Operant conditioning uses positive reinforcement, like giving a treat for speaking, to increase the desired behavior. This directly rewards the child’s speech, aligning with behavioral psychology principles to encourage verbalization, making this the correct choice.

Choice D reason: Relaxation techniques address anxiety but are not operant conditioning, which focuses on reinforcing specific behaviors with rewards. They do not directly encourage speech, making this choice incorrect for the behavioral approach specified in the treatment plan.

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An adult says, "I have no answers," and "My opinion does not count." Which psychosocial crisis was unsuccessfully resolved for this adult?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Which assessment finding most clearly indicates that a patient may be experiencing a mental illness?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A nurse knows operant conditioning is part of the treatment plan to encourage speech in a child who is nearly mute. Which technique should the nurse apply?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Which action by a nurse indicates a breach of a patient’s right to privacy?

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Which tasks are safe and appropriate to be performed by a basic-level nurse for a patient suffering from mental illness?

A nurse is preparing morning medications for all patients, and one patient says, "I am not taking any of those pills!" The nurse gets frustrated and forcefully holds the patient to administer the medication over the patient’s objection. Which term best describes this action?

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Which comments by a nurse demonstrate the use of therapeutic communication techniques? (Select all that apply)

A nurse is working with a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia who is experiencing auditory hallucinations. Which intervention best supports the patient in managing these symptoms?

Hildegard Peplau came up with the phases of the nurse-patient relationship. What does the nurse address during the orientation phase with a patient diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder?