A nurse is teaching a newly licensed nurse about end-of-life care.
The nurse should include that which of the following services provides support for a client's caregiver?

Choice A rationale:

Increased sensitivity to touch is not typically an age-related change in older adults. In fact, older adults often experience a decrease in sensitivity due to factors like reduced skin elasticity and changes in nerve function.

Choice C rationale:

Increased peripheral vision is not a common age-related change. Visual changes in older adults usually involve decreased visual acuity, difficulties with night vision, and increased sensitivity to glare.

Choice D rationale:

An increase in the size of pupils is not an expected age-related change. Pupils may become smaller and react more sluggishly to changes in light in older adults, but a consistent increase in pupil size is not a common finding.

Choice B rationale:

An increase in cerumen in the ear canal is a common age-related change. Cerumen, or earwax, can accumulate more in older adults due to changes in the composition of earwax and slower migration of earwax out of the ear canal. It can lead to hearing difficulties and may need management. Moving on to the last question.

Choice A rationale:

Abstract thinking develops during Piaget's formal operational stage, not the preoperational stage. The preoperational stage is characterized by symbolic thinking and egocentrism but lacks the ability for abstract thought.

Choice B rationale:

Concrete operational thinking is focused on logical and systematic thinking related to concrete objects and events, and it does not involve abstract thinking. Abstract thinking, including hypothetical and deductive reasoning, is a feature of the formal operational stage.

Choice C rationale:

Abstract thinking and formal operational thought develop during Piaget's formal operational stage, which typically begins in adolescence and continues into adulthood. This stage is characterized by the ability to think logically, solve complex problems, and consider abstract concepts.

Choice D rationale:

The sensorimotor stage is the earliest stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, and it is primarily concerned with sensory and motor exploration. Abstract thinking is not a component of this stage. .