A nurse is teaching a group of clients about dietary needs to prevent osteoporosis. Which of the following dietary choices should the nurse recommend as having the highest calcium content?

Choice A reason: A pump is usually needed to administer intermittent tube feedings, as it can control the flow rate and volume of the formula. A pump can also prevent overfeeding, aspiration, or diarrhea.

Choice B reason: Administering feedings over 10 to 20 minutes is too fast, as it can cause abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, or dumping syndrome. Intermittent tube feedings should be administered over 30 to 60 minutes.

Choice C reason: Administering feedings while sleeping at night is not recommended, as it can increase the risk of aspiration, reflux, or infection. Intermittent tube feedings should be administered during waking hours and with the head of the bed elevated at least 30 degrees.

Choice D reason: Advancing the rate of feedings slowly is advisable, as it can help the body adjust to the formula and prevent intolerance or complications. The rate should be increased gradually until the desired goal is reached.

Choice A reason: Potassium 3.5 mEq/L is not a finding that indicates fluid volume deficit because it is within the normal range, which is 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L. Potassium is an electrolyte that regulates nerve and muscle function, acid-base balance, and fluid balance. Potassium level can be affected by various factors, such as diet, medication, kidney function, and dehydration.

Choice B reason: Sodium 145 mEq/L is not a finding that indicates fluid volume deficit because it is within the normal range, which is 136 to 145 mEq/L. Sodium is an electrolyte that regulates blood pressure, blood volume, and fluid balance. Sodium level can be affected by various factors, such as diet, medication, kidney function, and fluid loss.

Choice C reason: Hematocrit 53% is a finding that indicates fluid volume deficit because it is above the normal range, which is 38 to 50% for men and 34 to 46% for women. Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume. Hematocrit level can increase due to dehydration, which causes hemoconcentration or increased blood viscosity.

Choice D reason: HbA1c 5% is not a finding that indicates fluid volume deficit because it is within the normal range, which is less than 5.7%. HbA1c is the percentage of hemoglobin that is attached to glucose. HbA1c level reflects the average blood glucose level over the past two to three months. HbA1c level can be affected by various factors, such as diabetes, anemia, and medication.