A nurse is teaching a client who has mitral valve stenosis that has not responded to pharmacological therapies about other treatment options. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in their teaching?

"Pentoxifylline can be administered to help the platelets from sticking together and occluding the vessels."

"A heparin bolus is administered and followed with a continuous infusion to help keep the blood thinner."

"A flexible catheter will be inserted into a vessel of the arm, neck, or groin and advanced to the heart to dilate a narrowed or occluded artery."

"A small catheter with a balloon on the end is threaded into a vessel in the groin and advanced to the heart where the balloon will be inflated, and the narrowed valve will be dilated. "

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A) "Pentoxifylline can be administered to help the platelets from sticking together and occluding the vessels": Pentoxifylline is a medication used to improve blood flow by decreasing the viscosity of blood. However, it is not typically used to treat mitral valve stenosis. This statement does not accurately reflect treatment options for this condition.

B) "A heparin bolus is administered and followed with a continuous infusion to help keep the blood thinner": Heparin is an anticoagulant used to prevent blood clot formation, but it is not a treatment for mitral valve stenosis itself. While anticoagulants may be used in certain situations with mitral valve stenosis (such as in the setting of atrial fibrillation), they do not directly address the underlying valve narrowing.

C) "A flexible catheter will be inserted into a vessel of the arm, neck, or groin and advanced to the heart to dilate a narrowed or occluded artery": This statement describes a procedure known as percutaneous transluminal mitral valvuloplasty (PTMV), which is a minimally invasive intervention used to treat mitral valve stenosis. During this procedure, a catheter with a deflated balloon on its tip is inserted into a vessel and guided to the heart, where the balloon is inflated to widen the narrowed valve.

D) "A small catheter with a balloon on the end is threaded into a vessel in the groin and advanced to the heart where the balloon will be inflated, and the narrowed valve will be dilated": This statement accurately describes balloon valvuloplasty, which is a common procedure used to treat mitral valve stenosis. By inflating the balloon within the narrowed valve, the procedure aims to widen the valve opening, thus improving blood flow through the heart.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. "Medications for Alzheimer's disease will help to increase my energy levels": This statement is not accurate. Medications for Alzheimer's disease, such as cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., donepezil, rivastigmine) and memantine, are not intended to increase energy levels. Their primary goal is to improve cognitive function and help manage symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease, but they do not directly affect energy levels.

B. "Medications for Alzheimer's disease will help slow the progression of my disease": This statement is correct. Medications used to treat Alzheimer's disease, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, are aimed at slowing the progression of cognitive decline and managing symptoms associated with the disease. While these medications cannot cure Alzheimer's disease, they can help improve cognitive function and quality of life for some individuals.

C. "Medications for Alzheimer's disease will help me remember what I forgot": This statement oversimplifies the effects of Alzheimer's medications. While these medications may help improve memory and cognition to some extent, they are not capable of restoring lost memories or reversing the effects of significant memory impairment caused by Alzheimer's disease.

D. "Medications for Alzheimer's disease will cure the disease": This statement is incorrect. Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease. Medications used to treat Alzheimer's, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, can help manage symptoms and slow disease progression, but they do not cure the underlying condition.

A. Leave the client alone while ensuring safety, to allow the client to work through behaviors and feelings during the transition period. B. Provide opportunities for education and continually evaluate the client's preferences and goals for care. C. Limit the members of the team who can help the client while transitioning, to avoid adding confusion or uneasiness. D. Inform the client about the need to move prior to the actual event.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

B. Provide opportunities for education and continually evaluate the client's preferences and goals for care:
This is the most effective intervention. Providing education and involving the client (to the extent possible) in decision-making helps reduce anxiety and build trust. Even though individuals with Alzheimer's disease may have limited memory and cognitive abilities, ongoing communication about the transition and individualized care plans can help ease the process. Additionally, continuously evaluating the client's preferences and goals ensures that the care plan remains person-centered and aligns with their needs, helping to minimize relocation stress.

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A nurse is teaching a client who has mitral valve stenosis that has not responded to pharmacological therapies about other treatment options. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in their teaching?

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