A nurse and a newly licensed nurse are providing care for a client who has distributive shock. How should the nurse explain the pathophysiology of distributive shock to the newly licensed nurse?

"Distributive shock occurs due to loss of myocardial contractility."

"Distributive shock occurs due to loss of blood volume."

"Distributive shock occurs due to systemic vasodilation."

"Distributive shock occurs due to increased systemic vascular resistance."

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. "Distributive shock occurs due to loss of myocardial contractility": This statement is incorrect. Distributive shock is not primarily caused by loss of myocardial contractility. Instead, distributive shock is characterized by widespread vasodilation, which leads to inadequate tissue perfusion despite normal or high cardiac output.

B. "Distributive shock occurs due to loss of blood volume": This statement is inaccurate. Distributive shock is not primarily caused by loss of blood volume. While hypovolemia (loss of blood volume) can lead to shock, distributive shock specifically involves excessive vasodilation, resulting in a relative hypovolemia due to pooling of blood in the expanded vascular bed.

C. "Distributive shock occurs due to systemic vasodilation": This statement is correct. Distributive shock, also known as vasodilatory shock, occurs due to widespread vasodilation of the systemic vasculature. This vasodilation leads to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance, which results in the redistribution of blood flow away from vital organs and tissues, leading to inadequate tissue perfusion and shock.

D. "Distributive shock occurs due to increased systemic vascular resistance": This statement is incorrect. Distributive shock is characterized by decreased systemic vascular resistance due to vasodilation, not increased systemic vascular resistance. Increased systemic vascular resistance is more commonly associated with conditions such as hypertension or obstructive shock.

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","D","E"]

Explanation

A. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): Elevated ESR is commonly seen in inflammatory conditions such as pericarditis. ESR measures the rate at which red blood cells settle in a tube of blood over a certain period, and elevated levels indicate inflammation or tissue damage.

B. Increased C-reactive protein (CRP): CRP is an acute-phase reactant produced by the liver in response to inflammation. Elevated CRP levels are indicative of inflammation, making it a useful marker in pericarditis.

C. Elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Elevated TSH levels are not typically associated with pericarditis. TSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. Elevated TSH levels are seen in conditions such as hypothyroidism.

D. Increased brain natriuretic peptide (BNP): BNP is a hormone produced by the heart in response to increased pressure and volume overload. Pericarditis can lead to increased pressure within the heart, resulting in elevated BNP levels. Therefore, increased BNP levels are anticipated in pericarditis.

E. Increased troponin I: Troponin I is a cardiac biomarker released into the bloodstream when there is damage to cardiac muscle cells. While pericarditis primarily involves inflammation of the pericardium (the sac surrounding the heart), severe cases can lead to myocardial involvement and subsequent release of troponin I. Therefore, increased troponin I levels may be observed in pericarditis, especially if there is myocardial involvement.

A. Tau protein B. Neurofibrillary tangles C. Alpha-synuclein protein D. Beta-amyloid protein

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Tau protein: Tau protein is primarily associated with Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, not Lewy body dementia.

B. Neurofibrillary tangles: Neurofibrillary tangles are aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein found in Alzheimer's disease, not typically in Lewy body dementia.

C. Alpha-synuclein protein: Lewy bodies, which are abnormal aggregates of alpha-synuclein protein, are a hallmark pathology of Lewy body dementia. These protein aggregates disrupt neuronal function and are responsible for the cognitive, motor, and emotional symptoms seen in Lewy body dementia.

D. Beta-amyloid protein: Beta-amyloid protein is primarily associated with Alzheimer's disease, not Lewy body dementia. It forms plaques in the brain, which contribute to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease.

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A nurse and a newly licensed nurse are providing care for a client who has distributive shock. How should the nurse explain the pathophysiology of distributive shock to the newly licensed nurse?

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Explanation

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