A nurse is teaching a class about nonpharmacological therapies to decrease stress. The nurse should include which of the following therapies?

(Select All that Apply)

A. Severity
In the PQRST mnemonic for pain assessment, "S" stands for Severity. When the nurse asks the client to rate the pain on a scale of 0 to 10, they are assessing the severity of the pain. This helps the nurse understand the intensity of the client's pain experience and provides a baseline for evaluating the effectiveness of pain management interventions.

B. Precipitating cause
This component relates to factors that exacerbate or alleviate the pain and is represented by the "P" in the PQRST mnemonic. Asking about activities or events that preceded the onset of pain helps identify potential triggers or causes.

C. Region
The "R" in PQRST represents Region, referring to the specific location or area where the client experiences pain. Assessing the region helps localize the source of pain and guide further diagnostic evaluations or interventions.

D. Quality
Quality, represented by the "Q" in PQRST, refers to the characteristics or nature of the pain, such as sharp, dull, throbbing, or burning. Understanding the quality of pain provides additional information about its underlying cause and can aid in selecting appropriate treatment strategies.

A) Lactated Ringer's:
Lactated Ringer's solution is an isotonic crystalloid solution that contains electrolytes similar to those found in plasma. It is commonly used for fluid resuscitation and maintenance therapy but is not typically used for treating hypernatremia, as it contains sodium chloride and could exacerbate the client's condition.

B) Dextrose 10% in water:
Dextrose 10% in water is a hypertonic solution primarily used to provide calories and treat hypoglycemia. It does not address the underlying electrolyte imbalance in hypernatremia.

C) 0.45% sodium chloride:
0.45% sodium chloride, also known as half-normal saline, is a hypotonic solution used to treat hypernatremia by diluting the excess sodium in the bloodstream. It provides free water to rehydrate cells without adding excessive sodium. This solution is appropriate for clients with hypernatremia who require IV fluid therapy.

D) Dextrose 5% in 0.9% sodium chloride:
Dextrose 5% in 0.9% sodium chloride, also known as D5NS, is a hypertonic solution containing both dextrose and sodium chloride. While it provides water and calories, the sodium content may exacerbate hypernatremia rather than correct it. Therefore, it is not the most appropriate choice for a client with hypernatremia.