A nurse is teaching a class about expected changes to the skin in older adults.
Which of the following information should the nurse include?

Choice A rationale:

Trust vs. Mistrust is the first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development and typically occurs in infancy. It is characterized by the child's development of trust or mistrust based on the caregiver's reliability and care. This stage is not relevant to an adolescent who is rebelling against caregivers and spending more time with friends.

Choice B rationale:

Identity vs. Role Confusion is the stage of Erikson's theory that corresponds to adolescence. During this stage, adolescents seek to establish a sense of identity and may experiment with different roles and behaviors. They often question who they are and what they want to become. Rebelling against caregivers and seeking independence are common characteristics of this stage.

Choice C rationale:

Integrity vs. Despair is the final stage of Erikson's theory and occurs in late adulthood. It involves reflecting on one's life and coming to terms with the choices made. It is not relevant to the situation of an adolescent client.

Choice D rationale:

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt is the stage that typically occurs in early childhood, where children are developing a sense of independence and autonomy. This stage is not relevant to the adolescent client's experience of rebellion and seeking autonomy.

Choice A rationale:

Fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tender points. It is not an example of acute pain. Acute pain typically has a sudden onset and is of limited duration.

Choice B rationale:

Peripheral neuropathy. Peripheral neuropathy can cause both acute and chronic pain, depending on the underlying cause. However, it is not a classic example of acute pain. Acute pain is usually associated with a specific injury or condition and has a sudden onset.

Choice C rationale:

Rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune condition that can cause joint pain and inflammation. While it can have acute flares of pain, it is primarily considered a chronic condition. Acute pain typically results from injuries or conditions with a sudden onset.

Choice D rationale:

Surgical incision. This is the correct answer. A surgical incision represents a classic example of acute pain. It is a pain that results from a specific event, in this case, surgery, and typically has a well-defined onset and duration. Acute pain is often sharp and intense, and it resolves as the incision heals.