A nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client who has somatic symptom disorder. Which of the following would be a likely comorbidity of somatic symptom disorder?

A. Dialectical behavior therapy. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) focuses on mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotional regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness. It is particularly effective for individuals with eating disorders, borderline personality disorder, and self-destructive behaviors, helping clients cope with distress without engaging in harmful behaviors.
B. Interpersonal therapy. Interpersonal therapy (IPT) primarily addresses relationship issues and social functioning rather than specific coping strategies like mindfulness or distress tolerance. While helpful for depression and some eating disorders, it does not emphasize the skills being taught in this scenario.
C. Humanistic therapy. Humanistic therapy focuses on self-actualization, personal growth, and self-exploration rather than structured skills training. It is centered on the client’s perspective and emotional experience rather than behavioral coping techniques.
D. Cognitive therapy. Cognitive therapy targets maladaptive thought patterns by helping clients identify and reframe distorted thinking. While useful in treating eating disorders, it does not specifically focus on mindfulness or distress tolerance skills, which are key components of DBT.

A. Extrapyramidal symptoms. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) include acute dystonia, akathisia, and parkinsonism, which are movement-related side effects caused by dopamine blockade. While EPS can involve muscle rigidity and tremors, tardive dyskinesia specifically refers to chronic, involuntary, repetitive movements such as facial twitching and tongue protrusion.
B. Impaired ability to regulate body temperature. Some antipsychotics can interfere with thermoregulation, leading to heat intolerance or hypothermia. However, this is not related to jerking or twitching movements seen in tardive dyskinesia.
C. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a life-threatening reaction to antipsychotics characterized by fever, muscle rigidity, autonomic instability, and altered mental status. Unlike tardive dyskinesia, NMS does not cause chronic, involuntary facial movements but rather widespread muscle stiffness and severe autonomic dysfunction.
D. Tardive dyskinesia. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a late-onset, irreversible movement disorder caused by long-term use of first-generation antipsychotics. It is characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements, especially in the face, tongue, and extremities (e.g., lip smacking, tongue rolling, grimacing, jerking movements). These symptoms distinguish TD from acute extrapyramidal symptoms.