A nurse is reinforcing teaching with the guardian of a child about preventing the spread of pediculosis in their home. Which of the following actions should the nurse recommend?

A. Children whose parents have college degrees: Higher parental education is generally associated with increased knowledge of child development and stress-coping strategies. While education alone does not eliminate risk, it is not considered a major risk factor for physical abuse.

B. Children who were born after 38 weeks of gestation: Full-term birth is associated with generally healthier outcomes and fewer complications compared with preterm birth. Birth after 38 weeks does not increase the risk for physical abuse.

C. Children whose parents are married: Being raised by married parents is not a risk factor for abuse. Stable family structures can provide protective effects, although abuse can occur in any family regardless of marital status.

D. Children who live in crowded homes: Overcrowding can increase parental stress, reduce privacy, and create chaotic living conditions, all of which are associated with a higher risk of physical abuse. Children in such environments are more vulnerable due to environmental stressors that can exacerbate caregiver frustration and risk behaviors.

A. Preinteraction phase: This phase occurs before the nurse meets the client and involves gathering information, reviewing the client’s history, and planning care. Problem-solving with the client is not addressed in this phase, as there is no direct interaction yet.

B. Working phase: The working phase is when the nurse and client actively collaborate to achieve identified goals. Helping the client develop problem-solving skills, coping strategies, and behavioral changes occurs during this phase, as it focuses on interventions and progress toward therapeutic outcomes.

C. Orientation phase: During the orientation phase, the nurse establishes trust, defines the nurse–client relationship, and sets initial goals. While assessment and goal setting occur, active problem-solving skill development has not yet begun.

D. Termination phase: The termination phase involves concluding the nurse–client relationship, reviewing achievements, and preparing the client for independence. Problem-solving has typically already been addressed in the working phase; this phase focuses on closure rather than skill development.