A nurse is reinforcing teaching with an older adult client about the aging process. The nurse should instruct the client that which of the following physiological changes are part of the aging process? (Select all that apply.)

Choice A Reason:

"We can discuss this when you're not feeling overwhelmed." Is incorrect. This response acknowledges the partner's feelings but doesn't directly address their concern about missing social outings. It offers to revisit the topic later, which might be helpful, but it doesn't provide immediate support or suggestions.

Choice B Reason:

"I understand how you feel. I've had a relative go through the same thing." Is incorrect. While expressing empathy is essential, comparing experiences might inadvertently minimize the partner's feelings. Each situation is unique, and the partner might need specific advice or support tailored to their circumstances.

Choice C Reason:

"Have you tried taking your partner with you when you go out?" is incorrect. This response suggests a potential solution by proposing involving the client with Alzheimer's in social outings. However, in advanced stages, this might not always be feasible or suitable due to the nature of the condition. It's essential to be sensitive to the client's needs and abilities.

Choice D Reason:

"Tell me more about your expectations." Is correct. This response invites the partner to share more about their feelings and desires without assuming a solution. It opens a dialogue to understand the partner's concerns and expectations better, allowing the nurse to offer appropriate support or guidance.

Choice A Reason:

Hyperkalemia is incorrect. Vomiting and diarrhea typically lead to a loss of potassium rather than an increase. These conditions often result in depletion of electrolytes, including potassium, due to the loss of fluids.

Choice B Reason:

Hypocalcemia is correct. While prolonged or severe diarrhea could potentially lead to some electrolyte imbalances, hypocalcemia is not typically a primary finding associated with vomiting and diarrhea. Calcium levels may not be significantly affected by these symptoms compared to sodium and potassium.

Choice C Reason:

Hypermagnesemia is incorrect. Similar to calcium, magnesium levels are not usually significantly impacted by vomiting and diarrhea alone. Hypermagnesemia is more commonly associated with excessive intake of magnesium-containing medications or renal dysfunction rather than acute gastrointestinal symptoms.

In a client experiencing vomiting and diarrhea, the loss of fluids and electrolytes due to these symptoms commonly leads to:

Choice D Reason:

Hyponatremia is correct. Vomiting and diarrhea can cause a loss of sodium and water, leading to decreased sodium levels in the blood, which manifests as hyponatremia. This electrolyte imbalance is a typical finding in individuals experiencing gastrointestinal issues with fluid loss.