A nurse is reinforcing teaching with an adolescent who has ADHD and a new prescription for methylphenidate. Which of the following actions by the adolescent should the nurse identify as a potential barrier is communication?

The adolescent interrupts the nurse to ask question

The adolescent occasionally turns away from the nurse and stares at the wall

The adolescent taps on the arm of the chair throughout the conversation

The adolescent rocks in their chair while speaking with the nurse.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A) "The adolescent interrupts the nurse to ask a question": Interrupting is common in adolescents with ADHD, as impulsivity is a characteristic of the disorder. While this behavior can be disruptive, it does not necessarily present a barrier to communication. The adolescent may be seeking clarification, and the nurse can guide them to ask questions at appropriate times.

B) "The adolescent occasionally turns away from the nurse and stares at the wall": This behavior may indicate that the adolescent is distracted or disengaged, but it does not necessarily block communication. It's important for the nurse to assess the adolescent’s attention and attempt to re-engage them if needed.

C) "The adolescent taps on the arm of the chair throughout the conversation": Tapping or other repetitive movements are often seen in individuals with ADHD and can be a significant barrier to effective communication. This behavior can be distracting for both the adolescent and the nurse, making it difficult to maintain focus on the conversation and absorb information. The nurse should address this by encouraging a calmer, more focused posture during discussions.

D) "The adolescent rocks in their chair while speaking with the nurse": Rocking can be a self-soothing behavior or a way to help manage restlessness, common in ADHD. While it can be distracting, it is less likely to be a major barrier to communication than tapping, which may be more intrusive. The nurse should assess if the behavior affects the adolescent’s ability to focus or engage.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A) Rolls from back to abdomen: Rolling from back to abdomen is a typical developmental milestone for a 4-month-old infant. By this age, infants usually have increased muscle strength and coordination, allowing them to start rolling over. This movement helps build their core strength, which is important for later developmental milestones like sitting up and crawling.

B) Moves objects to mouth: It is common for a 4-month-old to move objects to their mouth as they begin exploring the world around them. This action is a key part of sensory development and helps infants develop their hand-to-mouth coordination. Additionally, this behavior assists in teething and the development of oral motor skills.

C) Anterior fontanel closed: The anterior fontanel normally closes between 12 to 18 months of age. If it is closed at 4 months, it may suggest abnormal cranial growth, such as craniosynostosis, where the sutures of the skull close too early. This could lead to increased pressure on the brain, which can cause developmental delays or other complications, so the provider should be notified for further assessment.

D) Posterior fontanel closed: The posterior fontanel typically closes by 2 to 3 months of age. If it is closed by 4 months, it is completely normal and indicates proper cranial development. The closing of the posterior fontanel helps ensure the skull's bones are fusing together as expected, and it does not raise any concerns at this stage.

A. Insert an oral airway into the client’s mouth B. Measure the duration of the seizure. C. Lower the side rails of the bed when the seizure begins. D. Restrain the client's arms and legs to prevent injury.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Insert an oral airway into the client’s mouth:Attempting to insert any object into the mouth during a seizure risks airway obstruction, dental injury, or aspiration of oral secretions or broken teeth. The jaw is typically clenched, making insertion unsafe and impractical.

B. Measure the duration of the seizure:While timing the seizure is important for documentation and determining if status epilepticus occurs, it should not take precedence over immediate physical safety measures. Restraint to prevent injury must occur first.

C. Lower the side rails of the bed when the seizure begins:Lowering the side rails increases the risk of the client falling from the bed. Instead, the bed rails should remain raised and padded (if possible) to create a contained, safe environment.

D. Restrain the client's arms and legs to prevent injury:Gentle but firm restraint of the extremities reduces the risk of the client striking themselves against hard surfaces (e.g., bed rails, walls) or experiencing dislocations, fractures, or self-inflicted trauma. Restraint should be applied cautiously to avoid excessive force, but it is necessary to maintain physical control during the seizure’s intense muscular contractions.

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A nurse is reinforcing teaching with an adolescent who has ADHD and a new prescription for methylphenidate. Which of the following actions by the adolescent should the nurse identify as a potential barrier is communication?

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