A nurse is providing teaching to a group of adult athletes about prevention of the effects of dehydration on the body. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse include in the teaching?

A. Decreased urine specific gravity:In fluid volume deficit, urine becomes more concentrated due to decreased kidney perfusion and water conservation by the body. This results in an increased urine specific gravity.

B. Decreased Hgb:Fluid volume deficit typically leads to hemoconcentration because there is less plasma volume, which makes hemoglobin and hematocrit levels appear elevated.

C. Increased urine ketones:While increased urine ketones may occur in dehydration associated with starvation or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), it is not a hallmark finding in general fluid volume deficit. The presence of ketones depends on the underlying cause, not on fluid volume status alone.

D. Increased BUN:Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increases in fluid volume deficit because of hemoconcentration and reduced kidney perfusion, which slows the excretion of urea. The ratio of BUN to creatinine is often elevated in dehydration (>20:1).

Correct answer: D

A. Shortened QT intervals are not typically associated with hypocalcemia. Instead, prolonged QT intervals may be seen.

b.This is not typically associated with hypocalcemia. Instead, hypocalcemia usually causes hyperactive deep tendon reflexes due to increased neuromuscular excitability.

c.Constipation is not a specific finding related to hypocalcemia. Hypocalcemia can affect smooth muscle function, but constipation is not a commonly reported symptom.

d.This is a common symptom of hypocalcemia. Low calcium levels affect the nerves and muscles, leading to sensations of tingling, numbness, or even muscle cramps and spasms, particularly in the extremities and around the mouth.